The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period have moved their capitals many times, where is the capital now?
During the Warring States Period, the Warring States princes often moved their capitals, and the seven most powerful princely states at that time, Qin, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qi, also moved their capitals. Let's look at each of them.
Qin: Kudu. The state of Qin was an emerging vassal state in northwestern China. Its ancestor Qin Feizi was named a prince by Zhou Tianzi because of raising horses, and after the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Xianggong became a prince because he sent troops to move the capital from Zhou with King Ping. The Qin State moved its capital nine times, and finally set the capital in Xianyang.
Qin Yiyi: Gansu Province, today's water city. Historical Records - Qin Benji":"Non-sub-resident dog mound, good horses and livestock, good at resting. The Inuqiu people said that when King Xiao of Zhou was in the Qiangwei, the owner of the summoning horse maintained a great interest in the horse"In the past, Shun's mother Boqiu, raised cattle as a business, and was very good at raising rest, so he had land and was given the surname Ying. Now her children and grandchildren are still resting for me, and I will make her land a prince. "During the reign of King Xiao of Zhou, Qin Feizi was sealed in Qinyi in Qingshui County, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, and Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County. According to archaeological excavations, the Liya area, located in the north of Tianshui City in Gansu Province, at the confluence of the west bank of the Fan River and the north bank of the Niutou River, was once a fief of Qin Feizi.
2.Xirong: present-day southeastern Gansu. During the reign of King Li of Zhou, Xirong rebelled and wiped out the entire Canqu Dala tribe. After King Xuan of Zhou ascended the throne, he appointed Qin Zhong as the imperial physician and ordered him to suppress Xirong. As a result, Qin Zhong died at the hands of Xirong, and his eldest son, Qin Zhuanggong, ascended the throne. King Xuan of Zhou summoned the five brothers of the Duke of Qin Zhuang and ordered them to lead an army of 7,000 men to fight against Xirong. Duke Qin Zhuang succeeded in recovering the dog hill, and King Xuan of Zhou later gave the dog hill to Qin Zhong's descendants. Historical Records - Qin Benji records:"In the first year of the Wen Dynasty, he lived in the West Palace"。
Weihe Sanhui: the confluence of the Qianhe River and the Weihe River. Historical Records - Qin Benji records:"(Wen Gong) three years, with 700 soldiers to hunt. Four years in the swamp of Weishui"。According to research, this place is located at the confluence of the Qianhe River and the Wei River.
4. Zhenyi: South of Longxian County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. Imperial Century"."Qin Xianggong moved to Zhenyi in the second year"。It can be said that this capital is so weak that it is not recorded in the "Historical Records". Historical research shows that the relocation of the capital of the Qin state to Guanzhong was only a strategic defense, and the center of gravity of the Qin state was still in the west.
Fifth Pingyang: Shaanxi Province, now Baoji City. Historical Records - Qin Benji" contains:"In the first year of martial arts, Pang Tong was attacked, and then went to the foot of Huashan Mountain and robbed Pingyang Palace. "In 2014, after more than a year of research, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology found that Pingyang is located in Taigongmiao Village, Chencang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province (west of Baojimei County). After Qin moved the capital to Pingyang, he destroyed Hao Xiang, occupied Danshadu, controlled Guanzhong and the Western Regions, and built"Binh Duong Palace"。
6. Yongzhen: Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. In the first year of the Qin Dynasty (677), Qin moved its capital to Yong. Historical Records - Qin Benji" contains:"In the year of Qin Shi Huang, the capital was moved to Yong, and he lived in the Great Zheng Palace"。Yong was the capital of the Qin state for the longest time, with a total of 19 kings ruling here for 294 years, from the first year of Qin Xiao (677 BC) to the second year of Qin Xiangong (383 BC).
7.Jingyang: In the north of Jingyang County, it is located in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. During the reign of Qin Linggong, in order to get rid of the influence of the old aristocratic forces, Linggong decided to move the capital to Jingyang as the capital of Yongdu or a temporary capital of military nature.
8.Liyang: Yanliang County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. Qin Xiangong took advantage of Qin's civil strife and seized the territory west of the Wei River. The capital of the Qin State was in the western part of Guanzhong and could not be accessed in the event of a war with the Wei State, while Liyang was"It is bordered by Sanjin in the east and Rong Zhai and Dajia in the north"Therefore, the Qin State moved its capital to Liyang in the second year of Qin Xiangong (383 BC), and the relocation of the capital of the Qin State was mainly a strategic need.
9.Xianyang: In the east of present-day Xianyang City, northwest of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. After Qin Xiaogong ascended the throne, he ordered Shang Ying to change the law, and the Qin State quickly became powerful. Despite their success, Qin's reforms were thwarted by conservative and aristocratic forces. In order to remove obstacles, Qin Xiaogong decided to move the capital to Xianyang in 359 BC. Xianyang is located on the shore of Weishui, with flat terrain. There are nine mountains in the north, which are easy to defend and difficult to attack; There is the Wei River in the south, which is rich in water resources; The former capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was Fenghao, and agriculture was developed; Zhennan Mountain, located in a remote area, is rich in products. In addition, Xianyang has a unique position in east-west and north-south transportation. Xianyang is the hometown of the King of Qin, and the generalissimo lives in the center of the city, proud of the demeanor of the heroes.
Zhu Qidu. The state of Chu was a great power that rose in the south and was founded earlier. The state of Chu was relatively poor and weak at first, but after hundreds of years of development, it became a great power during the Spring and Autumn period. The state of Chu has moved its capital seven times, and interestingly, the capital of the state of Chu in all dynasties was called Yingdu.
1. Danyang: now Xichuan, Henan. Danyang was the earliest capital of the Chu State. King Zhao of Zhou sent troops south several times, forcing the Chu people to move to the Danjiang Valley. During the reign of King Yi of Zhou, the Chu people finally established a new capital in Danyang, in the lower reaches of the Dan River (present-day Xichuan region of Henan Province).
2. Ying: Jingzhou County, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, now Jinan City. "Historical Records - The Family of Chu and the Chronology of the Twelve Princes show that in the fifty-first year of King Wu of Chu (690 BC), King Wu of Chu died, and his son Xiong Yun ascended the throne, and after King Wen of Chu ascended the throne, the capital was moved to Yingdu. Yingdu was the longest-lasting capital of the Chu State, lasting for more than 400 years.
Place name: in the southeast of Yicheng City, Hubei Province. In the fourteenth year of King Jing of Zhou (506 BC), King Lu of Wu, with the support of Wu Zixu and Sun Wu, led an army of 30,000 Wu to attack the state of Chu. King Zhao of Chu was forced to move the capital to the state of Yin, and it is unknown when he returned to Ying.
4. Yandu: King Chu Hui briefly moved the capital here, and I don't know when he moved back to Yingdu.
Chen Du: present-day Huaiyang, Henan. 278 years ago, the Qin army invaded the state of Chu, Bai Qi led the army through Yingdu, burned the king of Chu, and then went east to Jingling, the Chu army was defeated, returned to the state of Chen, the king of Chu Qingxiang took Chen as the capital, and still called the capital of Ying. This time the state of Chu was forced to move its capital, which can be seen as a symbol of the demise of the state of Chu.
6.Jiuyang: Fuyang North, Anhui Province. Historical Records - Chronology of the Six Kingdoms contains:"In the tenth year of King Chukaolih (253 BC),'Moved to Jiuyang'"。
The seventh Shouchun: now Shou County, Anhui. In 241 BC, Chun Shenjun organized the last joint column of the Eastern States, but was still defeated by Qin, and King Chu Kaolie, fearing Qin retaliation, moved the capital east to Shouchun (present-day Yingdu).
Page number: Five capital letters.
The state of Yan was the only vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, he named his younger brother Ji Shi (that is, Yan Zhaogong) as the Duke of Yan Guo. Yan is located in the cold region of the northeast, and it is difficult to increase its national strength greatly, and it is one of the weakest countries among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. The Yan Kingdom has built its capital five times.
1.Yandi: Liulihe Township, Fangshan, northeast of Beijing. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou conferred the title of Emperor Yan on his younger brother Ji Shi, who later became the first Lenin of Emperor Yan.
2.Linyi: Xiongxian County, Rongcheng area, Hebei Province. During the period of Yan Huanhou, Yan was forced to move its capital to Linyi due to the southern invasion of Shanrong. The ancient Yi River flows through the south of the city, so it is called Linyi City, and Linyi is also known as one of the upper capitals of Yan Kingdom. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the northern Rongdi was restored, and the Yan State moved its capital here.
3.Jicheng: present-day Beijing. After the Duke of Qi Huan defeated Shanrong, the Duke of Yanzhuang gradually built the capital of Jishang, and gradually moved the capital here, after the Duke of Yanxiang, Jishangdu became the capital of Yanguo.
4.Wuyang: Gaozi County, Yi County, Baoding, Hebei Province. After the rebellion of Yan Zhao, King Yan Zhao built Wuyang City in Yishui, which was the deputy capital of Yan State. Wuyang is a military city west of Taihang Mountain, south of Yishui and east of Hebei Plain, with dangerous terrain and high altitude, easy to defend and difficult to attack (Note: During the period of King Yan Zhao, Yan had three capitals, Jicheng, Zhongdu and Wuyang, the deputy capital).
5.Liaoyang: Liaoning Province, now Liaoyang City. After Jing Ke killed Qin, Qin generals Wang Xie and Xin Sheng approached Yishui, and Yan Wangxi and Zhao Gongjia, who fled to Daidi, fought with the Qin army west of Yishui; After the defeat of the Yan army commander Prince Dan, he fled to Yishui, and was chased and beheaded by the Qin general Li Xin, Yan Wangxi had to give up Jicheng and lead the army to retreat to Liaoyang. Five years later, Yan Wangxi was captured by the Qin general Wang Ben, and the Yan Kingdom perished.
South Korea: Two capitals.
In 453 BC, the Han, Zhao, and Wei families of the Jin Kingdom destroyed Zhibo Xun Yao and divided the territory of the Jin State. In 403 BCE, King Weilie of Zhou recognized the Han, Zhao, and Wei families, officially listing them as princes. Three families are divided"It is also considered to be the dividing point of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Korea has two capitals.
1. Yangzhai: now Yuzhou, Henan. The ancestor of Korea was a doctor of the Jin Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was sealed in Hanyuan (now Hancheng, Shaanxi). At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Han Zhenzi moved his capital to Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi). After the Third Jin Dynasty, Han Qi, Marquis of Han Jing, moved the Korean capital from Pingyang to Yangzhai in 408 BC. In 403, Yangjae was recognized by King Weilie of Zhou and became the first capital of Korea.
2.Xinzheng: Xinzheng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, after many wars, the biggest result was the annexation of Zheng State, a small overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period, and after the fall of Zheng State, Korea moved its capital to Zhengcheng and called Xinzheng.
zhao: shidu
Like South Korea, North Korea is too"The Three Kingdoms are divided"Later, the vassal states were established, and there were four capitals successively.
1.Jinyang: southwest of present-day Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Dong Anyu, a courtier of Zhao Jianzi, the minister of the Jin State, built Jinyang City on the east side of the Hanging Hushan Mountain on the north bank of the Jin River at the northern end of the Taiyuan Basin. Jin is divided into three clans"Later, Jinyang became the first capital of the Zhao State.
2.Zhongmu: In the west of present-day Hebi City, Henan Province. Zhongmu was built in the early Spring and Autumn Period, after Zhao Xianhou ascended the throne (425 years ago), Zhao moved its capital here. Zhongmu, the unification of several generations, a total of 38 years, after Huanzi, Huanhou, Liehou, Wugong, Jinghou, after the attack on the Hebei Plain, the destruction of Zhongshan, the expansion of the northwest frontier, and even the last fight of Handan, laid a solid foundation for the capital.
Third Handan: now Handan, Hebei. At the beginning of Zhao Jinghou's accession to the throne, he was far-sighted and moved the capital to Handan, laying the foundation for the realization of Zhao's northward expansion strategy. Later, Zhao Jinghou actively expanded outward in many wars against Wei and Wei, further consolidating Handan's status as the capital. Handan served as the capital of Zhao for 158 years, making it the most famous capital of Zhao.
4.Xindu: now Xingtai, Hebei. Zhao State implemented the double capital system, and the new capital was originally the capital of Zhao State. In the twentieth year of the Marquis of Zhao Cheng (355 BC),"Wei Xianrong Liang is Tang Tai", Zhao Chenghou built Xingtai as the new capital, and Tangtai and Xingong were placed side by side. Xingdu's strategic position is extremely important. In the Zhao-Wei War, Handan was lost for three years, and Zhao used Xingdu as a stronghold, recaptured the capital without ceding territory, and signed the Zhangshui Alliance with Wei.
Wei: Both. Like Han and Zhao, so is Wei"Sanyin**"After the establishment of the vassal states, so Han, Zhao, Wei are also called"Sanyin**"。Wei had two capitals.
1.Anyi: In the north of present-day Xia County, Shanxi Province. During the period of Wei, Zhao and Han, the economic foundation of Wei in Hedong (now southwest of Jin) was better than that of Han and Zhao, so the capital was built in Anyi. During the reigns of Marquis Wen of Wei and Marquis Wu of Wei, Wei had to compete with Qin for territory in the Hexi region, so the establishment of a capital in Anyi helped Wei to fight against Qin.
2.Liang: now Kaifeng, Henan. Wei became the overlord of the early Warring States period after the rule of two generations of monarchs, Marquis Wu of Wei and Marquis Wen of Wei, therefore, from the time of Marquis Wu of Wei, Wei concentrated on territorial competition in the Central Plains, and in 391 it allied with Han and Zhao to defeat Chu and conquer the Great Liang of Chu. During the reign of King Hui of Wei, Wei moved the capital from Anyi to Daliang to further consolidate its hegemony in the Central Plains, as Anyi was further west.
Qi: Two capitals.
The State of Qi was a vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty in the East, divided into the State of Qi surnamed Jiang and the State of Qi surnamed Tian. The first monarch of the State of Qi was Taigongwang, who was the national teacher and military advisor of King Wu of Zhou, and established the Zuoqiu State in the 27th year of the reign of Xianggong in the Ming Dynasty. The Chinese-Zheng Yu and Shiji-Chronology of the Twelve Princes list the State of Qi as one of the four great powers of Spring and Autumn. There are two capitals in the Qi Kingdom, but Linzi is the longest.
1. Yingqiu (Linzi): Linzi, Zibo, Shandong Province. The Family of the Prince of Qi":"King Wu fell, and the father of the merchant was sealed in Qiyingqiu. Qilu Palace, Hou"。Yingqiu is the beginning of the fiefdom of Qi State, because there is east of Yingqiu Town"Zishui", so it was renamed Linzi.
2.Northwest of Zhaibian Village, Hubin Town, Boxing County, Shandong Province, Pugu. Duke Huan of Qi moved the capital of Qi from Yingqiu to Pugu, the reason for the relocation is not recorded in the history books, but it is said to be to avoid the threat of the Ji clan. However, the Qi people opposed the relocation of the capital, and Qi Aigong's half-brother Gongzishan and Yingqiu people led the mob to kill Gongzihu, and Gongzihu was exiled and later moved the capital back to Linzi.
There is also a theory that the state of Qi moved its capital to Shangcai, but it is still controversial to this day. As for the fact that after Le Yi broke Qi, there were only two cities left in the Qi Kingdom, Ju and Ji, which should be regarded as the fall of the capital, not the relocation of the capital.