Chapter 8 and Chapter 7
Zi said: "Say but don't do."
Tell without doing: tell, narrate. Make, create.
Plagiarism: privately, privately, privately.
Confucius said: "Expounding the way of the ancestors without creating it myself, believing in and liking ancient classics, I think I can compare with the virtuous doctor Lao Peng in the Yin period." ”
Speak but not do, believe and be ancient", is Confucius's summary of his own writings and teaching thoughts. Confucius liked ancient documents and believed them, he was able to carefully observe the various states of life, deeply understand the sophistication of human feelings, and select the parts of the anecdotes that conform to human ethics and sort them out. In short, Confucius was able to better pass on cultural ideas on the basis of inheriting ancient classics.
Song Zhu Xi: "Confucius deleted "Poems" and "Books", set "Rites" and "Music", praised "Zhou Yi", and repaired "Spring and Autumn", all of which passed on the old kings of the ancestors, but did not do anything, so he said so. Gai not only did not dare to be the saint of the author, but also did not dare to obviously attach himself to the sages of the ancients; The more he became more prosperous, the more his heart fell, and he didn't know the humility of his words. However, when it was, the author prepared slightly, and the master compromised it with the completion of the cluster of saints. Although the matter is stated, the merit is twice as good as the work, and this must be known. ”
Zi said: "Silent knowledge."
Knowledge: The meaning of remembering.
Teaching: Teaching. What is it for me: what is the trouble for me?
Confucius said, "Write down what you have learned silently, and never get tired of learning."
Teachers should be dedicated, treat students with sincerity, lead by example, and learn from each other. In the vast ocean of knowledge, what we learn is always only a drop in the ocean. If you want to gain more knowledge, you must keep in mind what you have heard and seen anytime and anywhere, and seize every opportunity to acquire knowledge. Life is full because of learning, and life is beautiful because of knowledge.
Song Zhu Xi: "Tacit knowledge is said to be self-evident and in all hearts." One said: knowledge, knowledge, self-evident understanding. The former said that it was near. What is in me, what can be in me. The three are no longer the extremes of saints, and if they still dare not be, they are humble and humble. ”
Zi said: "If you don't cultivate virtue, you can't learn it, and you can't move when you hear righteousness."
Migration: Migration. This refers to approaching righteousness and doing righteousness.
Confucius said: "I am worried about not cultivating morality, not paying attention to learning, not being able to practice righteousness when I hear it, and not being able to correct my shortcomings." ”
The things that Confucius was worried about did not happen to him, but were a reflection of the society of his time. People do not cultivate benevolence, do not pay attention to learning knowledge, hear the call for justice and cannot go forward in time, and do not consciously correct bad behaviors, as ordinary people, we do not have enough power to influence the whole society; But we can take responsibility for ourselves, spur ourselves to build a perfect personality, and it is very valuable to be able to improve ourselves.
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Gai his studious heart, self-esteem is often unpleasant." However, these four are especially important in Renjun. The ancient emperors or Mao Jing Jude, the end of the classics, or take people for good, and change their mistakes are all the way. Those who want to be the ancient emperor should repeat the words of Confucius three times. ”
The Swallow House of the Son. Yanju: Peaceful residence, home furnishing, idle living.
Shen Shen: Dressed neatly.
Premature: Slow, swaying.
Confucius lived at home, neatly dressed and elegant, with a pleasant complexion.
When Confucius lived at home, he was neatly dressed and his complexion was pleasant. It can be seen that his heart is at peace.
Song Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi: "This ** is good at describing the saint's place, and it is inexhaustible for Shen Shen, so he is even more premature." When people live in the swallow house today, they will not be lazy and presumptuous, they will be too strict. When you are strict, you can't wear these four words, and when you are lazy and presumptuous, you can't wear these four words, but the saint has his own neutralizing atmosphere. ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Virtue is extremely pure, so the appearance is in harmony with the neutralizer." The words of the doorman can be described as a good description of the weather. ”
Zi said: "Even if I am declining! For a long time, I no longer dreamed of Zhou Gong.
Duke of Zhou: surnamed Ji, Ming Dan, the son of King Wen of Zhou, the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou, the uncle of King Cheng, the ancestor of the monarch of Lu State, is said to be the formulator of the Western Zhou Dynasty code system, and he is one of the so-called "saints" worshipped by Confucius.
Confucius said, "I am aging so badly! I haven't dreamed of Zhou Gong for a long time. ”
In his later years, Confucius lamented that he no longer dreamed of Zhou Gong, which showed his nostalgia for Zhou Gong, and also deeply lamented that his mission of cultural inheritance had not yet been completed. In fact, the so-called dream of Zhou Gong may not really mean a dream, but a hidden word that fails to promote the avenue. Duke of Zhou was the fourth son of King Wen of Zhou and the younger brother of King Ji Fa of King Wu of Zhou. He is versatile, both civil and military, regent for seven years, pacifying the world, dividing the princes, and making ceremonies and music. His historical achievements are especially focused on the production of ritual music, and he pushed the ritual music culture of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties to the peak of development, and Confucius sincerely admired and admired him. Therefore, Confucius wanted to inherit and carry forward the Western Zhou culture represented by the Duke of Zhou, but now that he is old and his body is declining, the Great Dao has not yet been implemented, and he will inevitably sigh for this.
Song Zhu Xi: "When Confucius was in his prime, he wanted to follow the way of Zhou Gong, so he dreamed of it, such as or saw it." When they are old and cannot do it, they will no longer be the same.
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Gai Confucius was born in the Zhou Dynasty and was bent on the cause of the Duke of Zhou. Fang Qi is energetic and never forgets, so it is often shaped in a dream. And when he is old, he forgives himself for not being able to do it, and there is no more than the heart, and there is no more than a dream, so he sighs like this. It can be seen that the virtuous are born in the world, and those who can do it are always when they are strong. ”
Zi said: "Ambition is in the way, according to virtue."
De: Old Zhuyun: Those who are virtuous have to be. To be able to carry out the Tao into one's heart without losing it is called virtue.
Art: It refers to the six arts taught by Confucius to his students, such as etiquette, music, archery, royalty, calligraphy, and mathematics, which are all used in daily life.
Confucius said: "We must be determined to seek the Tao, base ourselves on virtue, act by benevolence, and enjoy the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, royalty, calligraphy, and mathematics." ”
Confucius believed that a man should be ambitious, take good virtue as the basis for doing things, treat the public with a benevolent heart, and be proficient in various skills such as etiquette, music, archery, royalty, calligraphy, and mathematics. These are enough to show that Confucius educates students mainly on moral education, supplemented by intellectual, physical, aesthetic and other educational elements. Anyone who wants to achieve something in their career must have a firm and ambitious ambition. Ambitious, benevolent, and virtuous, in our spare time, we should also participate in more recreational activities, and receive more aesthetic education and sports.
Song Zhu Xi: "People should learn like this." Gai Xue Mo precedes the determination, and the ambition is the heart of the right and not him; According to virtue, the Tao is in the heart without losing; According to benevolence, virtue is commonly used but materialism is not; Amusement, then small things are left behind. Scholars here, there is a good way to not lose the order of its order, the importance of the morality, then the cart and the horse, both internal and external, between daily use, there is no gap, and Han Yong calmly, suddenly do not know that he has entered the domain of the sage. ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Covering the road, virtue and benevolence are the foundation of the people's self-cultivation and governing the world, and they must be studied further in order to be unapologetic. ”
Zi said: "I have not tasted no teachings above the self-restraint. ”
Confucius said: "I took the initiative to bring a bouquet of jerky and other meager gifts to the person I asked for advice, and I did not fail to teach."
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, "learning in the government", and those who could receive education were the children of powerful nobles. At that time, education was only for the ruling class itself, and the purpose of education was only to train ** people for the rulers. Confucius broke the aristocratic monopoly on education, and he was willing to teach anyone who had reached the age of fifteen, regardless of their origin, as a student. He believed that everyone should be educated, and that the right to education should not be restricted because of their origin. In fact, the sage did the same, and many of his students were the children of poor people, such as Ran Yong, who was considered to have the appearance of an emperor, and came from a poor and lowly family.
Song Zhu Xi: "The life of people has the same principle, so the saints want to be good for others." But if you don't know how to learn, there is no etiquette to teach, so if you come with courtesy, there is no way to teach. ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Gai is a natural saint, not just a saint in vain, but wants his prophet to be aware of it, to be aware of it first, and to be the eyes and ears of the times." ”
Zi said: "Don't be angry.
Anger: The appearance of meditating and still not being able to comprehend.
Yu: I want to say it, but I can't say it clearly.
Corner: Corner. Confucius said, "Teach a student not to enlighten him until he is puzzled; Don't enlighten him until he wants to say it and can't. If he can't cite one question and he can't lead to the other three, then don't teach him again. ”
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Don't be angry, don't be angry, draw inferences from one example, and be good at thinking when learning, so that you can continue to learn deeply. When the teacher is lecturing, he can properly grasp the heat and stimulate the initiative and enthusiasm of students to learn, and he can receive twice the teaching effect with half the effort. No matter how the cause of education develops, the heuristic teaching methods and spirit of drawing inferences from one case will not become obsolete, and modern teachers should still apply it to practical teaching work.
Song Zhu Xi: "The sage teaches people tirelessly, because he remembers this, and wants scholars to work hard, thinking that they are also a place to be taught." ”
The son eats on the side of the mourner, and he is not full.
Confucius ate next to the mourners, and he never had enough.
Confucius ate next to the mourners, and because he sympathized with the loss of his loved ones, he would lose his appetite and eat unpleasantly, so he never had a full meal. In ancient China, funerals were very important, and it could directly reflect filial piety, so the system was strictly regulated. Confucius's inability to eat next to the mourning person is a manifestation of etiquette; At the same time, it also shows that Confucius was broad-minded and loved all living beings.
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "This is the heart of unbearable, the ancient emperors saw the hunger, cold, hardship and death of the people, they would reduce their meals, withdraw from the music, and give emergency relief, which is this heart." If there is a person in the world who can push this heart to be benevolent to the people, there is no husband who cannot do it, and benevolence covers the world. ”
The Son is the day. Day: On this day, make an adverbial.
Song: Sing. When Confucius cried on this day, he stopped singing.
In ancient times, singing was part of the life of the scholarly class, and Confucius was very fond of singing. However, when he wept because he had attended a funeral and hanged the deceased, his psychological grief remained, so he stopped singing for a day, which was a manifestation of Confucius's benevolence and morality. At the same time, it can also be seen that Confucius was in accordance with etiquette and acted in accordance with etiquette norms everywhere.
Zi Wei Yan Yuan said: "If you use it, you will do it, and if you give it up, you will hide it."
Giving up is hiding: abandoning, abandoning, not using. Hide, hide.
Fu: Modal word, equivalent to "bar".
With: Meaning together.
Confucius said to Yan Yuan: "If you are appointed, you will promote your own ideas, and if you are not appointed, you will put away your own ideas, only me and you can do this!" Zilu said, "If you command the three armies, who will you work with?" Confucius said, "I do not work with a man who fights a tiger with his bare hands, crosses the river barefoot without a boat, and does not regret his death." We must use people who are steady and cautious in the face of things, and who are good at using strategy and success. ”
Throughout the history of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, all those who have achieved great things have always been cautious in the face of things, and they have planned first and then carried them out. If you act recklessly in a panic and don't use your brain, and if you don't have a strategy and rely on the courage of a horseman, you must have not succeeded enough and lost more than you. This is true of marching and fighting, and so are many things in our daily lives. What we want to achieve, what difficulties and setbacks we encounter, from life ideals to trivial life, we need to act calmly, make careful arrangements, and "plan and then act". Don't be hot for three minutes, don't have a hammer in the east and a stick in the west, only by doing our every plan in a down-to-earth manner, our chances of success will be greatly increased.
Song Zhu Xi: "12,500 people are the army, and there are three armies of a big country." Zilu saw that Confucius was alone in beauty, and he was conceited and brave, and if the master and son marched in the three armies, he would be with him. He also said: "This is all taught by suppressing its bravery, but the teacher's need is nothing more than this, and Zi Lugai does not know." ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "Zilu is brave and has nothing to learn, so Confucius taught him to be right." Its practice of the military is no exception. ”
Zi said: "Rich."
Rich: refers to being promoted to an official and making a fortune.
Seek: It refers to the way of conformity, and you can ask for it.
Whip bearer: In ancient times, it was the Son of Heaven, the princes and the people who opened the way with a leather whip when they entered and exited. It means a low-status industry.
Confucius said, "If wealth can be obtained, it is to be a coachman, and I am willing to do it." If you can't get it, then do what I like. ”
Confucius advocated that everything should be in accordance with morality, especially when it comes to the important issue of life, whether rich or poor. This passage clearly shows Confucius's view of wealth: money should be taken in the right way. There is no distinction between high and low ways to make money, but a gentleman should take the right path to accumulate wealth, the kind of wealth that is not in line with morality, but anyone who can be called a "gentleman" should not obtain it, which is also his criticism of those who are mercenary and unkind to the rich.
Song Zhu Xi: "If you can ask for wealth, even if you are a lowly servant, you will not give up." However, if you have a fate, you can get it if you don't ask for it, then you are just content with righteousness, so why take humiliation in vain? ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "The saint of Confucius, who is not a true crumb, is also a whipper, especially seeing the people of the world, more self-determination of their etiquette and righteousness, and willing to be ashamed of being cheap, so he even said that he would ask for ears with the vain of the police." ”
Son's Caution: Qi.
Qi: Same as "fasting", fasting. The ancients had to bathe and change their clothes before the sacrifice, not eat meat, not drink alcohol, not sleep with their wives and concubines, clean their bodies and minds, and express their piety, which is called fasting.
Confucius was careful about fasting, war, sickness.
In the era of Confucius, there was social turmoil, large and small wars broke out one after another, the people's lives were turbulent, and many vassal states were shaken or even wiped out in wars. Confucius's general view on the issue of war is that "harmony is precious," and it has a certain educational and guiding role for us today. From disputes between countries to disputes between individuals, we should all "value harmony" and take a step back to broaden the sky, so that the world will be more harmonious and beautiful.
Song Zhu Xi: "Qi is Qi."
Zi is listening to "Shao", and he doesn't know the taste of meat in March.
Confucius listened to the music of "Shao" in the country of Qi, but he didn't know the taste of meat for three months, he said: "I didn't expect the music of "Shao" to reach such a state. ”
Confucius attached great importance to the important role of "poetry and music" education in cultivating people's moral character. ** It plays an extremely important role in the formation of a person's aesthetic taste and even the cultivation of moral sentiments. In today's era of global villages, people's aesthetic taste has naturally improved. **It can broaden people's mood, cultivate people's sentiments, relax the tense nerves in the busy city, soothe people's emotions, and improve people's aesthetics and taste. Therefore, we should listen more to the perfect **, in order to improve our moral cultivation.
Song Zhu Xi: "I don't mean that Shun's work is so beautiful, but it is prepared with extreme affection, and I don't feel the depth of his sigh, and I don't know how much of a saint is enough." ”
Ming Zhang Juzheng: "The master has been around all over the world, and he has to hear his sound, so he learns it, and as for the long period of three months, he is only focused on music, although when he eats, there are people who do not know the taste of meat." ”
Ran You said: "Master."
For: Here is the meaning of help.
No: Yes.
Ran You said: "Does the teacher agree with Wei Jun?" Zigong said, "Okay, I'll go in and ask." Zigong went in and said, "Who are Boyi and Shuqi?" Confucius said, "O ancient sages! Zigong said, "Do they have any remorse?" Confucius said, "They seek benevolence and they get it, so what is there to regret?" Zigong came out and said, "The teacher doesn't agree with Wei Jun." ”
Confucius said, "Seek benevolence and get benevolence, why complain?" The rhetorical question highly praised Bo Yi and Shu Qi. The father-son rivalry between Wei Guo and the two brothers Bo Yi and Shu Qi gave way to each other, and Confucius approved of Bo Yi and Shu Qi, so naturally he would not help Wei Jun. It can be seen that Confucius's criterion for judging right and wrong is whether it conforms to etiquette. This also shows that Zigong knows how to use the art of language. Any language should be expressed in the most concise way. Sometimes the words are simple, but they can often bring us profound inspiration.
Song Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi: "Bo Yi and Shu Qi fled from the country, admonished and starved, and finally had no regrets. ”
Song Zhu Xi: "The gentleman is a state, not his doctor, but his king?" Therefore, Zigong did not reprimand Weijun, but asked Yi and Qi. If the master tells him so, then he is not known to Wei Jun. ”
Zi said: "Eat lightly."
Rice sparse food: rice, here it means "to eat", used as a verb. Loose food, i.e., coarse grains. Rice sparse food means to eat whole grains.
Curvy: The humerus, the arm, from the shoulder to the elbow. Curvy, i.e., bent arms.
Confucius said, "Eat coarse grains and drink water, bend your arms as pillows, and happiness is in it." Doing unrighteous deeds to gain wealth and status is like a floating cloud to me. ”
Confucius strongly advocated "being happy with poverty", being poor is not the same as being happy with poverty, and if you have the opportunity to get rich, of course, you don't have to refuse to oppose it. As long as it is moral money, a gentleman can also strive for it. That is to say, the attitude we should have towards wealth and wealth is that a gentleman loves money and takes it in the right way, and we cannot exchange our beliefs and discipline for ill-gotten gains. Ill-gotten gains should be treated as floating clouds. Build personality with benevolence, righteousness and morality. This is a lesson that we modern people should learn from and practice.
Song Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi: "If you are not happy to eat and drink water, although you are sparse in eating and drinking, you can't change your happiness." The wealth of unrighteousness is regarded as light as a floating cloud. And he said, "Know what you are happy with." ”
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