On October 2, 1949, the day after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and exchanged ambassadors, becoming the first country in the world to recognize the People's Republic of China. In order to break the imperialist political and economic blockade, to enlist the support of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, to consolidate and strengthen the unity between China and the Soviet Union, and to develop friendly relations between the two peoples, it was decided to pay an official visit to the Soviet Union.
On December 21, 1949, the 70th anniversary of Stalin's birth, he decided to lead a delegation of the Chinese Communist Party to celebrate his birthday, exchange views on issues of concern to the two parties, and discuss and sign relevant treaties and agreements.
Who knew that before *** left, the enemy had already informed Taiwan of his upcoming visit to the Soviet Union. At this time, the approximate date of the visit to the Soviet Union had been set, and the Soviet side had made preparations for this and could not be changed. How to ensure the success of the visit of party and state leaders to the Soviet Union is not only a contest of strength between the enemy and us, but also a special political contest.
On a winter evening, the night is getting thicker and thicker. The lights in the West Flower Hall of Zhongnanhai are on again. Prime Minister, who had just attended an important meeting, was accustomed to sitting at his desk again. These days he is studying matters related to his visit to the Soviet Union. He called ** to find the Minister of Public Security *** and Vice Minister Yang Qiqing. He and Yang Qiqing, who were busy deploying and arranging the security plan for the chairman's special train, had not slept for several days, and they had already formulated perfect countermeasures for the possible situation of the visit, but they still did not dare to be careless. According to the plan, most of the areas through which the party visited were newly liberated areas, where the land reform and town countermeasures had not yet been carried out, and although all the railways had been taken over, the internal personnel had yet to be cleaned up, our party still lacked experience in defending special trains, and the railway defense work was still under construction. Moreover, there are often armed Kuomintang spies along the way, and the danger must not be underestimated. For the sake of the safety of the visit, the public security forces have made a great deal of preparatory work and have carried out several rounds of clean-up work against bandits along the route, especially in the three eastern provinces.
** To Luo and Yang, he said: "We must be meticulous in the security of the Communist Party, and we must not be careless in the slightest, we are facing a ferocious enemy, and all kinds of difficulties must be estimated, Imperialism has sabotaged the world revolutionary movement by assassinating the leader of the Communist Party, and Tokuda Koichi, secretary of the Communist Party of Italy, and Koichi Tokuda, secretary of the Communist Party of Japan, have been assassinated one after another. After talking for a while, he said: "Enemy Taiwan has already reported the chairman's visit to the Soviet Union to Taiwan's 'Secret Bureau,' and is worried that the hostile forces will use the time of our visit to carry out a surprise attack, which has been the case in the past when wars broke out so suddenly, so in order to ensure the safety of this visit, the Central Military Commission has ordered the entire army to enter the first level of combat readiness during the chairman's foreign visit." ”
** Asked: "Has the specific date of the chairman's visit been set?" ”
** said: "It's not finalized yet, I'll let you know as soon as it's finalized." However, this operation is top secret, and no one who has nothing to do with it should not be told, and it must be kept strictly confidential. ”
** After pondering for a moment, he said: "There are no special circumstances, you two should send the chairman to Manchuria, pay close attention to the situation along the way, and report to me in time, normal situation, report the situation every 4 hours, and report special circumstances at any time." ”
** said: "We have carried out a strict review, adjustment and clean-up of the guard forces along the railway, the public security forces participating in the guard, which are absolutely reliable politically, require party groups at all levels, not to allow a single suspicious element to be left; All the cadres on duty along the line have been examined by the party committee one by one, and they are absolutely reliable politically; Responsible cadres of party committees at all levels are required to go down to the grassroots level, stick to their posts, and discover and solve problems in a timely manner. ”
After listening to this, he nodded and said: "This is very important, to mobilize the masses, not to engage in isolationism." ”
** said: "The special train has been comprehensively overhauled, and sent troops and engineers to use radar to detect whether there are flammable and explosive materials, and then implement closure, send troops to guard 24 hours a day, and all those who board the train must have a special pass." ”
It's not sloppy at all, so it's just done. * Finally, he was instructed, "First, keep it strictly confidential. Both the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Public Security should set a code for special trains, with the code name of the Ministry of Public Security being Li Desheng and the Ministry of Railways stipulating 9002 for special trains. Second, in order to achieve a high degree of secrecy, responsible party and government cadres in various localities generally do not enter the station to greet and see them off, unless the chairman specially summons them, and the leading comrades do not enter the station to see them off. The Ministry of Public Security is under the unified command of the Ministry of Public Security, and the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways is fully responsible for all internal railways and reports to the Ministry of Public Security for instructions at any time. All preparations should be prepared as soon as possible, and the special train should be put on standby as soon as possible, and the order should be guaranteed to be ready to enter the station within 10 minutes."
On December 2, 1949, a heavy snowfall decorated the earth with jade and silver sculptures. **Wearing a silver-gray tunic, a tweed hat, and a coat, he said goodbye to the people who saw him off on the platform. At 21 o'clock, the special train codenamed 9002 left Beijing Railway Station and headed north in the cold wind.
In order to ensure the safety of ***, **personally guard with the car. All the places along the way of the special train have been banned. Yang Qiqing, vice minister of the Ministry of Public Security, and Wu Lie, commander of the ** column of public security, escorted the *** special train to Tianjin by roller car. In order to see the railway road clearly, Wu Lie asked the driver to open the window, braved the cold wind, carefully and meticulously ** the road conditions of the railway, and did not let go of any suspicious objects. The special train was moving rapidly, and there were three special trains, with the front-wheel drive car in front and the guard in the back, and the spare car in the back. The driver is an experienced veteran hero who has been tested by the fire, and the car drives fast and steadily. The attendants on the special train were all selected one by one from the ** guard unit. Yang Qiqing, who shouldered the heavy responsibility, and Teng Daiyuan, Minister of Railways, Feng Ji, Director of the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways, and other leaders, got off the train to check every station and communicated with the front in a timely manner. In order to guarantee the normal operation of ***, ** ordered the train to travel at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour.
At 5 o'clock in the afternoon of this day, the special train slowly stopped on the platform of the station near Shanhaiguan. The snow had stopped, and ** and Teng Daiyuan and others accompanied *** to get off the train to rest and take a walk.
**Get out of the car, take a few deep breaths of fresh air, look at the majestic "the first pass in the world" five big characters, and say to the entourage: "You see, the first pass in the world is so majestic, the history of Qin Shi Huang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao, Tang Taizong, etc. have left footprints here, we are about to get out of the customs, how can it be reasonable to do so?" ”
** Walked up to the public security soldier who was guarding him and said, "You guys have worked hard. Then he walked along both sides of the railway for a while.
Teng Daiyuan followed *** left and right to guard. In order to prevent accidents, there are strict rules on the breaks, and each stop is short. **Seeing that Teng Daiyuan kept looking at his watch, he said to Teng Daiyuan: "Is it time?" ”
Teng Daiyuan replied, "We've been off for 20 minutes, isn't it okay to go?" ”
You are the Minister of Protection, and this time everything is up to you. * took a deep puff of his cigarette and threw away the cigarette butt and replied humorously.
Manzhouli Station is *** the last station in China. Here, *to stop for a moment. On December 6, Yu Guangsheng, director of the Northeast Railway Administration, arrived in Manchuria for deployment. Gao Gang, chairman of the Northeast People's Government, and other party and government leaders also arrived one after another to inspect the preparatory work.
At 9 a.m. on December 9, the special train stopped on the line on the south side of the platform of Manzhouli Station. The tow truck number is "884", and the driver is Zhang Zhongye. On the platform, there are the person in charge of the relevant parties who arrive in advance to arrange the greeting and sending, the relevant person in charge of the Northeast Bureau of the Communist Party of China and the Northeast People, and the person in charge of the railway department. Also welcoming the crowd were Deputy Minister of the Soviet Union *** Lavrentev, Deputy Director of the Department of Communications Matviev, Chairman of the Soviet of the Seven Regions Ulov, and the head of the Transbaikal Military District. **Full of energy, ruddy complexion, full of smiles, under the guidance of Yu Guangsheng, director of the Northeast Railway Administration, and Xu Liangchen, the stationmaster of Manzhouli Station, entered the VIP room of the station. **After sitting down, I listened to Yu Guangsheng's report on the specific arrangements for changing trains and leaving the country.
After listening to the report, he said: "You have arranged it very carefully, according to your plan, and you will obey your command when you take the train." ”
Yu Guangsheng introduced Xu Liangchen, the stationmaster of Manzhouli Station, to *** and asked: "How many people are there in the station?" How big is the task? ”
After Yu Guangsheng first made a report on the overall situation, Xu Liangchen added with specific figures: "The average workload of picking up nine to ten pairs of trains every day."
** Asked with concern: "Is there any problem?" ”
Xu Liangchen said: "The main problem is that there are few trains on broad gauge, and there is a backlog of a large number of Chinese goods. ”
** Said earnestly: "Manzhouli Station is an important port, and it must be managed well." The weather is so cold, the equipment conditions are poor, and the tasks are heavy, everyone has worked hard, and I greet the employees on my behalf. ”
About a quarter of an hour, *came in and told *** that it was time to leave. Got up after smoking only one cigarette. Under the guidance of stationmaster Xu Liangchen and stationmaster Su Fang, he walked out of the VIP room and came to the side of the broad gauge on the north side of the waiting room. Soviet rails are 9 centimeters wider than ours, and trains coming in and out have to change tracks here.
There is a special train for the leaders of the Soviet Party and state parked here, which is specially to meet ***, the train attendants are all Soviets, but the dining car is equipped with a Chinese chef, in order to make Chinese food for *** and his party. Lavrentev and others accompanied *** on board the bus and arranged a seat for him. Then, Lavrentev, Ulov and others got out of the car and said to the people who saw them off: "Please rest assured, Chinese comrades, we promise to take care of the special train all the way, leaving Manchuria and heading for the territory of the Soviet Union."
Today, more than 50 years later, most of the things that have been dusted in history have been declassified. As can be seen from the declassified archives, at that time the enemy developed a detailed assassination plan. Taiwan selected its most experienced operatives in an attempt to assassinate *** while the train was running. At that time, Mao Renfeng ordered the female secretary: "Notify the General Intelligence Agency and implement it as planned." Those going to the mainland should arrive at their destinations on time. The Northeast Underground Technical Column adopts three sets of plans: first, to chase and intercept the special train from both flanks, control the commanding heights, and take a surprise attack; second, large-scale destruction of important parts of the railways of the three eastern provinces; Third, blow up the culvert of the Changchun No. 14 railway, and plant explosives in the Harbin Shuangcheng Railway to blow up the car. After the explanation, Mao Renfeng said to American adviser Brad: "The special train that blew up *** is the second Huanggutun incident." Brad said excitedly: "It's not just the second Huanggutun incident, it's no less significant than a war. Speaking of the Huanggutun incident, the American adviser immediately became happy, and he said to Mao Renfeng: "The Japanese have made an example for you, and now it is up to you." This matter was very important, and Mao Renfeng immediately reported the matter to Chiang Kai-shek. When Chiang Kai-shek heard this, he gritted his teeth and said: **The visit to the Soviet Union is aimed at our Chiang Kai-shek, if they sign a treaty of friendship, and our treaty is going to **, is it not binding at all? Regardless of the attitude of the USSR, you must preemptively prevent this *** visit at all costs.
Daxinganling Tunnel.
In order to prevent *** from visiting the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang spies once put explosives in the Daxinganling tunnel.
The construction of the Daxinganling Tunnel began in 1901 and was completed in 1903. This tunnel was the only way to the Soviet Union, and if it happened**, the entire train would be buried in a long tunnel. In order to ensure that the tunnel is foolproof and ensure the safe passage of the special train, many soldiers of the public security forces patrol both sides of the tunnel non-stop. According to Chen Quanyou, who was in charge of the service at that time, it was very cold that year, and in order to prevent the water droplets on the tunnel from falling down and freezing the tracks and hindering the passage of trains, they hung quilts at both ends of the Daxinganling tunnel, and Chen Quanyou was responsible for hanging and taking off the quilts every day. **On the day the special train passed, the patrol found a boulder on the railway. Just as the patrol was carrying stones, cold guns came from the mountain, and one soldier was wounded, and the troops immediately organized personnel to counterattack and encircle, and after a fierce battle, three enemy soldiers were finally killed. On the railroad tracks, the police also found tiny miniature mines made in the United States. ** The special car passes through the Daxinganling Tunnel safely.
At noon on December 16, 1949, when the station clock was striking twelve, the special train of ** came to the North Railway Station in Moscow. Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union Molotov and Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal Bulganin greeted *** at the station They knew that *** had a cold on the road and was unwell, so they said that a very solemn ceremony had been arranged at the station, because the weather was cold, everything was simple, and only a guard of honor held a greeting ceremony, as long as they went around in a circle, if they were willing to make a speech, they could send the speech to the newspaper for publication. After the welcoming ceremony, ** went to Stalin's second villa, which was Stalin's residence during the Great Patriotic War and had a large underground headquarters.
When Stalin met with *** that afternoon, he asked with concern, "Is it safe on the road?"”
** said, "My old friend Chiang Kai-shek was very concerned about my trip to the Soviet Union, and he was sure to give me a little action, but we have taken strict precautions." ”
On December 21, he participated in Stalin's 70th birthday celebration. On behalf of our party and the 500 million people, he sent a congratulatory message to Stalin, and his congratulatory message aroused thunderous applause from the audience. Immediately after his congratulatory speech, Stalin shook hands with him, bringing to a climax the atmosphere of unity and warmth at the congress. The campaign to celebrate Stalin's birthday was very successful. After that, the envoy began to sign the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance, and Alliance." Considering that it would be more appropriate for the prime minister to do this work, he instructed the domestic delegation headed by the prime minister to come to the Soviet Union to participate in the Sino-Soviet talks and sign a treaty.
On January 20, 1950, the Prime Minister led a delegation of our country to Moscow. On February 14, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Alliance was signed.
On February 17, 1950, ** concluded his visit to the Soviet Union and left for China. On February 26, the train arrived safely at Manzhouli Station. In the evening, under the escort of the guards and fighters of the public security forces, the Soviet side saw off the personnel who shook goodbye to *** and ***.
At that time, no one at the station knew that *** was coming, the soldiers of the public security forces were standing with their faces outward, the weather was very cold, the temperature was minus 44 degrees, dripping into ice, and the soldiers of the guards had to keep blinking their eyes, otherwise they would freeze together for a long time. At that time, each fighter wore a strap-on, thick cotton pants and cowhide toe shoes, and a dogskin hat, and even then, many froze their legs in two cotton pants due to the long time spent on guard.
In order to ensure the rest of the country, the train stopped in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province for one night. Wang Huacheng, then deputy director of the Heilongjiang Provincial Public Security Department and head of the Harbin City Public Security Corps, specifically commanded the task of defending the country.
On February 27, 1950, ** lived in the building at No. 1 Yiyuan Street in Harbin on the way back from Moscow. Wang Huacheng was guarding outside the house where *** lived at the time, he sat on the sofa outside, and he didn't dare to close his eyes for a night.
In order to ensure the absolute safety of the hotel, Wang Huacheng ordered all the waiters in the hotel to be removed, and all the politically reliable directors of the public security forces were selected as waiters, responsible for serving food to the chairman, and the chef who cooked for the chairman was a model worker, or an old party member, and when the chef cooked, the guards were watching from the side.
The next day the train continued as planned. The train departed from Harbin City, and Wang Huacheng only found out about it five minutes before the train departed.
The train arrived in Changchun, Xie Fuzhi and *** went to the station to pick up***
After the plan to bomb the special train in the Daxinganling Tunnel fell through, the Kuomintang secretly ordered Yu Ziyang, a spy lurking in Changchun, to assassinate Yu Ziyang as a spy of the Central Unified Bureau of the Kuomintang, and after the liberation of Changchun, he accepted the order of Li Fangchun, director of the Fifth District of Changchun of the Kuomintang, to sneak down, rented a two-story small building on Shengli Street in the city as a cover, and gathered more than a dozen people to form an incubation group. Yu Ziyang conspired with Liu Jinpeng, a spy who had infiltrated the railway, on Siping Road, intending to use matchboxes to drop explosives and place large rocks at the turnouts in a vain attempt to subvert the train. In order to implement this plan, Liu Jinpeng also developed Miao Yannian, Nan Yunhai and other people within the railway, so that they could act together when the plan was implemented. After this important information was learned by the Public Security Bureau, the Jilin Public Security Bureau dispatched troops to wipe out this group of spies.
There was also a small episode in Changchun, where the train was 15 minutes late, and the delay was made in order to confuse the enemy. Under the Dongjiang Bridge, the guards found explosives and road studs that had been planted by the enemy and damaged the railway, and the troops cleared them in time, and the train was able to pass safely and on time.
On March 4, 1950, *** will return to Beijing, and the ** column will continue to guard the route. The public announcement of the visit has made the security work more difficult. ** After accepting the task of guarding the Yongdingmen Station section of Jingjin Road on February 22, the column issued an order on the 26th, requiring all troops on duty to be foolproof, and there can be no problems in technology, equipment and security, and the railway must not be hindered, threatened and sabotaged in any way, so as to ensure the safe passage of the train back to Beijing. Zou Yan was the political commissar at that time, and he and Wu Lie made a clear division of labor and regulations on the tasks of the two divisions. The 1st Division is responsible for the security of Yongdingmen Station to Yangshucun Station, with a total length of 58 kilometers and 4 stations. The command post of the Second Division was set up in Langfang, and division commander Liu Huishan was in charge. After receiving the order, the leaders of the divisions surveyed the terrain along the railway. At 10 o'clock on 1 March, after the troops arrived at their designated positions, cadres at all levels observed the terrain along the way, divided the task sections, and dispatched alerts to all bridges, crossings, and stations. Command posts were set up at all levels, and the column command post was set up in Fengtai, with Zou Yan in charge. Wu Lie and Yang Qiqing rushed to Tianjin ahead of schedule and returned to Beijing from Tianjin. On March 4, the troops on duty carried out a comprehensive inspection of railway bridges, switches, road studs, sleepers, and signal flags, and searched within 50 meters on both sides of the roadbed. At 14 o'clock on the same day, all the alert troops entered the duty positions, and the density of troops reached more than 28 people per kilometer. At 22 o'clock, the special train passed safely, and the alert was withdrawn at 24 o'clock. In the course of duty, there were incidents such as enemy special sentry, stealing wires, throwing stones on railroad tracks, and throwing explosives under bridges, all of which were discovered and dealt with in a timely manner, and no damage or injury was caused. There are more than 490 cadres in the whole column participating in this task, and each squad has one or two cadres. The cadres of the regiment and battalion are each responsible for a station or a company, and after the duty detachment arrives at the duty position, they do everything possible to investigate and understand the situation of the railway, and search for the best things along the roadbed. Some soldiers were not at ease about checking the bridge, and they were not afraid of the cold, so they went down into the water again and again to check it repeatedly, and checked every train passing through the station, for fear of loopholes. Many fighters said that it doesn't matter if they have something to blow up to them, as long as they can complete the task. This simple language expresses a high sense of responsibility for the defense of ***. Some sentries were on duty for 12 hours in a row, and they did not complain of being tired.
Before *** came back, the public security forces cracked the universal radio station carefully planned by Mao Renfeng and lurking in Beijing in one fell swoop. The enemy's attempt to sabotage the assassination attempt of *** to visit the Soviet Union was thus completely bankrupt.
*: "Overview of Party History" 2004 Issue 04, author Jin Haiying.