Why is the difficult path of crossing social classes so difficult?
Class"The term refers to the hierarchy between different groups in a society, which is based on differences in relative levels of status, power, wealth, etc.
Today, I'm writing an article on this topic about transitions between classes and grades.
One way to avoid unnecessary problems is to set costs.
The Shang Dynasty had a tradition of burial. There are two types of martyrdom: human sacrifice and human martyrdom. Although they are both burials, there is an essential difference between the two.
Human sacrifice is the slaughter of people as cattle and sheep to sacrifice heaven and earth and ancestors. Human sacrifice usually consisted of both male and female captives.
Martyrdom is the intimate companion of the tomb owner, such as his wife and bridesmaid, and they are killed because the tomb owner needs them to accompany him underground and serve him, as they did during their lifetimes.
There is also a hierarchy of human martyrdom.
In the Qinmu cemetery, there are two kinds of martyrs: box martyrs and box martyrs, and box martyrs are higher than box martyrs, and there is at least one coffin. And the people were martyred without coffins, their heads were cut off or their bones were broken, and they were scattered around the tombs, apparently as sacrifices.
Since then, the human hierarchy has become very rigid and unforgiving.
After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the common people were originally called"people", but Qin Shi Huang gave them a new name: Qianshou.
The world is divided into 36 districts, each with a clinic, a school, and a ward. The name of the people was changed"Qianshou"。
Qian means black. Qianshou means prisoner of war and slave. Why did Qin Shi Huang do this?
The reason why they are called Qianshou is because he destroyed the Six Kingdoms, and the inhabitants of the Six Kingdoms became his prisoners. The more important reason is that Qin Shi Huang wanted his descendants to rule the world forever, and these Qianshou were actually slaves of the royal family. This is what Qin Shi Huang said:
I am the first emperor, and the next generations, the second, the third, and the eternal generations are all counted by me, and I cannot pass them on.
However, Qin Shi Huang's ideas did not last long, and the Qin Dynasty was wiped out in the flames of a peasant uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the once invincible Qin army was unable to return to heaven in the last years of the Qin Dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu only believed in Confucianism, which was a major change during the reign of the Legalists of the Qin State. Confucianism began to gain traction when the use of force to ensure subject obedience proved ineffective in governing the state.
The essence of Confucianism is:"Benevolence and righteousness"。Whoever speaks of benevolence, the emperor must be benevolent to his courtiers; Whoever preaches handouts, of course, the courtiers must be loyal to the monarch. In addition, Confucianism talks about social hierarchy, monarchs, ministers, fathers, sons, you are in a certain position, you have to be in a certain position to be peaceful, in order not to be surpassed.
The monarchs learned their lesson and began to tame their subjects with their minds, a very successful practice that was emulated by later emperors.
The pipe even divided people into different classes, such as scholars, farmers, industrialists, and merchants. Although this division is somewhat simple, there is already a basic class model.
This kind of ** is not only the loss of the career, but also may determine the fate of a person's life. The most famous example is Li Bai, who came from a merchant family and had a difficult career, spending his life in despair except for a brief stint as a zookeeper.
How to overcome class differences?
For the vast majority of people, reading is the only way to truly pass the course.
Reading more than 10,000 volumes, writing like a god, this is the eternal truth. But in the past, it was very difficult to read and have a good reputation.
The Ming Dynasty had 24 586 people, and the imperial examinations lasted for 273 years, starting in 1371 and ending in 1643, with an average of 90 jinshi per year. The Qing Dynasty had 26 849 people, and the imperial examinations lasted 259 years, starting in 1646 and ending in 1904, with an average of 104 people admitted each year.
The road to Qingshui Town was much more difficult than it is today.
The advantage of the imperial examination system is that there are not only scholars, but also scholars and doctors, and there are lives. In the Ming Dynasty, non-Jinshi could not enter the Hanlin, such as Chen Xinjia could not enter the Wenhua Palace, and the case of abolishing the status of the Ministry of Military Affairs was extremely rare. However, there are many cases of prefects and judges.
Even if they master only one skill, they have a certain social status. Two adult men from scholarly families were exempt from forced labor and certain taxes.
Lu Kun of the Ming Dynasty wrote in the "Minutes of Current Affairs":'The country treats scholars the most, scholars enter the body, villagers respect but dare not threaten, and the government is superior but unwilling to humiliate. The provinces and counties are responsible for the working poor, and if there is a situation, it can be reasonably handled by the yamen, such as the annual examination, the government is responsible for arranging the examination room, giving them cakes and fruits, red envelopes, paper and pencils, etc., and during the imperial examination, the county also arranges banquets for them, gives them servants, chariots and horses, and lets them catch the examination.
Marriage is another effective means of class transition.
The main reason for marriage is the status of the family. The most famous example is the marriage of King Xi during the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Wang Xizhi's son Wang Xian later came to marry Xi Daomao of the Xi family. Wang Xizhi's wife is the aunt of Xi Daomao's family, so Xi Daomao is Wang Xianzhi's cousin.
After marriage, Wang Xianzhi and Xi Daomao had a very good relationship, otherwise Wang Xianzhi would not remember them until he died. They had a daughter who died young.
When Wang Xianzhi married Xi Daomao, Xi Jian had died, Xi Jian's son Xi Duan also died, and the Xi family began to decline.
Their marriage only lasted for a short time, because Princess Xin'an insisted on marrying Wang Xianzhi, and Wang Xianzhi had to divorce Xidao and marry Princess Xin'an.
Wang Xianzhi and Xi Daomao's marriage was essentially a political marriage, and when the political environment changed, their marriage became a victim.
Today, marriage is still a shortcut, even the simplest, to change your fate...Although there are not many ups and downs in this road, it is already considered a shortcut compared to other roads.
What is your happiness?
Happiness is innate, because the family we are born into is a kind of happiness in itself, which can be said to be a gift from God.
But happiness is something that this society cannot resist. You wouldn't think of 2The $200 million lottery is luck, right?
The second sentence is:"Facing the wind, stand on the right side of the wind"。
This was indeed a risky step, as Jia Xu's joining Cao Ying in the Battle of Guandu was the right step, while joining the G-M-D in '49 was a wrong step.
The logic of profiteering lies in the fact that it has insight into the laws of the economy and economy, and acts in accordance with them.
Lin Zexu recommended Zuo Zongtang before his death, and the person he recommended to Lin Zexu was Tao Shu, who is Tao Shu? Tao Shu and Zuo Zongtang are Hu Linyi's eldest sons and two of his relatives. This is the authority of Chinese officialdom at that time, there was no promotion for no reason, there was no regression for no reason, there was logic for everything, but this logic was often not known. Friends are friends because they deserve to be friends.
Choosing sides is risky, as it is difficult for either side to hold the center of power for long. Power struggles often end in their own place. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, from Wu Zetian to Tang Xuanzong, there were frequent coups d'état, such as forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate"Shenlong coup", who killed Queen Wei and Princess Anle"Donlong coup"As well as the elimination of Princess Taiping"Xiantian coup d'état"。"'Tanlong coup', the princess of Taiping; 'Xiantian coup d'état', the princess of Taiping; In just seven years, three coups decided the distribution of supreme power. Of course, those who stand in the wrong line have to accompany the funeral of their masters, such as the famous Shangguan Wan'er.
In fact, ordinary people can see that for most people, becoming a famous doctor, a professional in all walks of life, a successful business owner, a lawyer, or a professor is the upper limit"Opportunity"Higher.
Zhu Yuanzhang and Li Shimin believe that in ancient Chinese history, the greatest gain was to rebel and fight the world, and then to study.