In 1965, cracks began to appear in Sino-North Korean relations, which fell to a freezing point in 1969. Even in the special international context at that time,The Soviet Union had instigated Korea to go to war with China, but what was the outcome of this war?
The most fundamental reason for the disagreement between China and North Korea is that the DPRK wants to continue equidistant diplomacy with China and the Soviet Union, but according toAt that time, the situation in China could not accept the ambiguous attitude of the DPRK towards the Soviet Union。Coupled with the fanaticism in the country, it makesRelations between China and North Korea are drifting apart.
In November 1964, when Khrushchev had just held talks with Kim Il-sung in Beijing, he also said that "we should not expect too much from the leaders of the CPSU", and he even said that "Brezhnev was stunned".
However, just a year later, Kim Il Sung changed his mind and told the Soviet Union: "I am very concerned about the economic assistance of the Soviet Union, and I hope that Brezhnev will be able to meet me personally." ”
In March 1966, the CCP refused to attend the 23rd session of the CPSU, which meant that the organizational ties between the CCP and the CPSU were completely severed. At the same time, Beijing has also put pressure on PyongyangIt is hoped that the DPRK side will not send representatives to attend the 23rd CPSU Congress. But Kim Il Sung sent a delegation anyway.
During the talks with representatives of the DPRK, the Soviet side also unequivocally supported the reunification of the DPRK and demanded the withdrawal of US troops from the Korean Peninsula.
This was followed by an initiative by the Soviet-controlled World Democratic Youth Federation to convene a meeting in North Korea in MayDiscuss the question of Vietnam. However, due to China's opposition, the meeting was eventually aborted. This makes the North Korean side very opinionated.
Pyongyang "accused China of deliberately undermining the unity of the socialist camp" and "criticized China for openly denigrating Soviet aid to Vietnam."
In this atmosphere, the DPRK and the Soviet Union became closer and closer.
In fact, North Korea did receive economic aid from the Soviet Union. This includes the provision of loans, experts and technical assistance, etc.
In February 1967, the Council of the Asian-African People's Solidarity Organization was convened in Cyprus, and the meeting, under the manipulation of the Soviet Union, cancelled the Fifth Asian-African People's Solidarity Congress, which was originally scheduled to be held in China. This caused strong dissatisfaction and ** in China.
Before the meeting,The Chinese side blamed the Soviet side for what it did and refused to attend the council. But North Korea not only sent representatives to the meeting, but even supported the Soviet Union's claims at the meeting.
In addition to the disagreements on the diplomatic front,Military exchanges between the DPRK and the Soviet Union have also deepened. The two sides signed an agreement to further strengthen the DPRK's defense capability.
According to reports, "Previously, North Korea's military concept was mainly influenced by China's guerrilla strategy and tactics, but since then, it has begun to introduce and learn from Soviet military experience and concepts, including missiles and nuclear weapons." ”
In early 1966, in order to support the Vietnamese people, the Chinese persuaded North Korea to open a second battlefield in the demilitarized zone near the 38th parallel, or to start a guerrilla war in South Korea. However,Kim Il Sung believes that Beijing is "directing" North Korea.
As a result, Kim Il Sung rejected China's proposal and sent 100 pilots to fight in the Vietnam War.
From April 1967, the North Korean side began a large-scale god-making campaign against Kim Il SungThe *** of *** affected the movement and even began to threaten the position of Kim Il Sung.
This period,North Korea has closed overseas Chinese schools, and even caused the Chinese embassy to close its propaganda windows several times. The *** books, which were widely circulated in North Korea, have almost disappeared from the shelves of North Korean bookstores.
It can be seen that the contradictions and differences between China and the DPRK in the ideological field are already very serious, and it is precisely because of this that the relations between the two countries have finally fallen to the freezing point.
By the end of 1966, almost no news from China had been heard from in North Korea, and cultural exchanges between the two countries had come to a standstill. The ambassadors of both sides have not returned to their posts since they were recalled. By May 1969, two-thirds of the Chinese ambassadors to the Korean embassy had returned to China.
In the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the DPRK, the Chinese side also refused to send a delegation to participate. This practice is considered an insult to them by North Korea.
The situation on the border between China and North Korea is even worse. The peoples of the two countries engaged in a "war of radio trumpets," each propagating its own views and shouting its own slogans.
Later, after learning about the situation, ** said in a meeting: "In the Northeast, shouting at North Korea with a loudspeaker and writing slogans to scold others made us very passive. ”
Between 1967 and 1969, China and North Korea often clashed over the Heilongjiang and Tumen rivers, which are the boundary rivers. Chinese fishing boats and transport ships are often intercepted, and the North Korean side not only detains Chinese crews, damages ships, and collects fishing gear, but also forcibly inspects Chinese personnel.
In 1969, when there was a conflict on the Sino-Soviet border, there was a rumor in the diplomatic corps of some countries that "there were also some small-scale border clashes between China and North Korea".
Later, when asked about this incident in a conversation, Kim Il Sung also confirmed that "there is indeed a squadron that has crossed the Tumen River and invaded the territory of the DPRK." ”
In fact, it is not a fact that there is a border conflict between the two sides. According to the intellectual youth who was in line on the border between China and North Korea at that time, "There has never been a military conflict on the border between the two countries. ”
So, why did Kim Il-sung say that? It turned out that whenFrom time to time, a large number of intellectuals from Shanghai came to the border between China and North Korea to cut in line, and at that time, they were wearing yellow clothes issued by Shanghai. It is very likely that the North Korean side will treat them as a squadron.
To this end, the DPRK also cut down the trees on the border and built a bunker to prevent the squadron from sneaking attacks. Actually, it was Kim Il Sung who reacted too sensitively.
However, there is a fundamental difference from the deterioration of relations between China and the Soviet Union and China and the United StatesThe relations between China and the DPRK can only be described as cold and deteriorating, and there is no confrontation
More importantly, despite the fierce sentiment among the people,But from the top level of both countries, neither side wants to see the situation escalate further.
The Chinese side usually ignores the reports and articles criticizing China in the DPRK newspapers and periodicals and adopts an attitude of "indifference." The same is true for the voices of some Chinese newspapers and periodicals criticizing the DPRK.
On the economic front, the best relations between China and the DPRK have not been interrupted, but have only been maintained at a minimum level.
As can be seen from the relevant information,During the period of deterioration of Sino-DPRK relations, the high-level probing of the two sides has never stopped.
In 1966, after the departure of the North Korean ambassador to China, the new ambassador was quickly decided. However, due to various reasons, the new ambassador only came to Beijing in June 1967. and presented his credentials to Soong Ching-ling on the 20th.
China was quick to respond to this signal from the North Korean side.
In October 1967, Mauritania visited China, and when I talked to him, I hoped that he would be able to convey to Kim Il Sung and other leaders during his foreign visit
"We have been educating overseas Chinese to abide by the laws of the countries in which they live, but we have no control over their actions. There are also some deviations in the work of our embassy, which we do not hide and can correct them at any time. ......Our policy toward North Korea has not changed. ”A few days later, Mauritania delivered Kim Il Sung's message to ***:
"North Korea's policy toward China has not changed and will not change in the future; I have a deep friendship with the President and the Prime Minister, and I cherish this friendship that has been forged in the common struggle; There are some differences between the two sides, but they are not serious, and a solution can be sought through meeting and discussion; I believe that if North Korea is attacked, China will help North Korea as it has done many times in the past. ”The time soon came for relations between the two countries to warm up. On 15 April 1969, the Korean People's Army shot down a large US electronic reconnaissance plane, killing all 31 crew members on board.
Soon, the US Navy appeared in the Sea of Japan and moved towards North Korea, and the situation on the Korean Peninsula suddenly became tense. In this context, the common demand for China and North Korea has ushered in the best opportunity to restore relations.
On October 1, 1969, the 20th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese side originally decided not to invite foreign delegations. ButJust the day before, ** suddenly decided to invite North Korea to send a delegation to the celebration.
At 15:20 p.m. on September 30, China sent a telegram to North Korea. At that time, Kim Il Sung was not in Pyongyang, but he quickly convened a meeting to discuss it. At 18:25 on the same day, the North Korean side agreed.
So,At 23:30 in the evening, Choe Yong-kun, then chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK, led a delegation to Beijing Airport and personally greeted him at the airport.
On October 1, ** met with Cui Yongjian at the Tiananmen Gate Tower and made it clear that "China and North Korea should have good relations, and our goals are the same." ......The United States and Japan are very close, and they are not just trying to fight you, they are targeting China. Therefore, our two countries need to be close. ”
Cui Yongjian immediately replied, "China and North Korea have fought side by side in history, and they have all shed blood together. ”
After the conversation, ** took Cui Yongjian's hand and walked to the viewing platform, Cui Yongjian suddenly appeared in Tiananmen Square, which shocked the world. This means that China and North Korea are sending a new signal to the world.
Since then, relations between China and the DPRK have warmed up rapidly.
In October 1970, Kim Il Sung made a secret visit to China. During this period, ** met with Kim Il Sung twice. Both sides have made "self-criticisms" about the deterioration of relations between the two countries over the past few years.
** added: "Considering that you need military and economic assistance from the Soviet Union, I do not advise you to make a break." ”
When referring to China's accusations of being a militant and adventurist, ** took the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea as an example, saying: "This is a combination of internationalism and patriotism, and if you don't support the Korean people to defend North Korea, can you still protect your home and defend your country?" ”
Kim Il Sung agreed.
After Kim Il Sung's visit to China, relations between China and the DPRK have been comprehensively improved. The two "old friends" finally shook hands and made peace.