When dozens of dancers of the dance team, dressed in Hanfu and holding Zhai Gong, slowly entered in the solemn and elegant Northern Song Dynasty Dasheng** voice, the team's pace was graceful and neat, the momentum was rigorous and majestic, and the scene was shocking.
Outlook Oriental Weekly" special writer Guan Jianhong editor Qin Liudi.
On April 8, 2023, at the opening ceremony of "Excellent Traditional Culture into Campus" in Fuzhou University Town, Quanzhou Pupu women displayed the national intangible cultural heritage of Pupu women's custom headdress hairpin flower wai (photo by Lin Shanchuan).
If you travel to Quanzhou, Fujian Province during the holidays, you will see a unique scene: girls on the street are wearing Pupu flowers, walking through the streets and alleys, enthusiastic and beautiful. These large flowers with a diameter of one foot on their heads are surrounded by colorful flowers such as yellow, red, and blue, showing a kind of bold and bright beauty.
In fact, as early as 2008, the customs of Pupu women were included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, and the unique headdress and costumes have become the most recognizable cultural business card of Pupu. Fujian is a major province of intangible cultural heritage in China, with a total of 145 national intangible cultural heritage representative items in the province, and 9 intangible cultural heritage items have been selected into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.
How to fully explore the cultural connotation of these intangible cultural heritage items and enhance the sense of identity and pride of young people in the excellent traditional Chinese culture? Fujian's education sector is taking action.
Popularize intangible cultural heritage knowledge, compile intangible cultural heritage school-based curricula, establish student associations, give full play to the advantages of teaching and scientific research in colleges and universities, and promote the integration of production, education and research ......With the help of the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Fuzhou in July 2021, Fujian has actively promoted various "intangible cultural heritage on campus" activities, and in recent years, it has established an intangible cultural heritage inheritance system from primary school to university, and explored a new path for the protection of intangible cultural heritage with Fujian characteristics.
Cultivate interest and hands-on practice.
In 2006, Fuzhou's "Tea Pavilion Shiban**" was selected into the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, and was known as "the life memory of the ancient nation".
Shiban ** was produced in the late Ming Dynasty, originated from Chating Street in Taijiang District, Fuzhou, and was very large-scale in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and was popular in Fuzhou area. "Juban" originally referred to ten traditional musical instruments, including flutes, commas, gongs, cymbals, etc., and later added sheng, wooden fish and other musical instruments. The people of Fuzhou love to eat a condiment called "shrimp oil", so Fuzhou people think that Shiban is a Fuzhou symphony with a "shrimp oil flavor", with a strong Fuzhou flavor.
In Fuzhou, the intangible cultural heritage popularization activities related to Shiban ** are colorful. As early as 2011, Taijiang No. 4 Central Primary School was recognized as the "first batch of demonstration schools for the inheritance of excellent traditional Chinese culture in China", and opened a Shiban training base, which was taught and trained by veteran artists themselves.
The children's Shiban Band of Taijiang No. 4 Central Primary School in Fuzhou City is playing the national intangible cultural heritage Shiban** (photo by Song Weiwei).
The old man Chen Yingmu, who has passed away, was the inheritor of the national tea pavilion before his death, and his ** is Huang Weihua, the leader of the Taiwan Fourth Elementary School. Huang Weihua said: "At that time, Ms. Chen, who was in her 70s, took the bus every week to teach the children, and we were very moved. As soon as the news of the school's establishment of a Shiban band was released, the first batch attracted more than 100 students to sign up, and after screening, more than 40 students were selected for training. Every year thereafter, the school will start with.
The new students in the first and second years will select the new students of the interest class, and after the basic skills of the students in the interest class are solid, they will select the members of the Shiban band and start practicing the repertoire.
The school further combines the teaching practice, compiles teaching materials around Shiban**, and sets up school-based curricula for a long time, so as to carry out intangible cultural heritage education in the form of formal courses. On the basis of inheritance, Taisi Elementary School has integrated modern aesthetics into artistic innovation, and has successively created and performed "Money Arrow and Shiban", "Red Song Skewers", "Pomegranate Flowers" and other tracks.
As a flute player in the school's children's juban band, Yu Hao said, "I was deeply attracted by the first time I listened to juban**. "The children feel the charm of local culture from the older generation of artists, and the participation of every child is an indispensable force for inheritance.
In 2021, Tian Xuejun, President of the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee, and other guests visited Shanghang, Fuzhou. Only listen to dozens of musical instruments such as flute, coconut hu, wolf string, cloud gong and so on, slow as a mountain and clouds, as fast as the wind and lightning, which makes people feel refreshed and happy, and the ancient music glows with new vitality under the interpretation of immature faces.
After more than ten years of practice, "Tea Pavilion Shiban**" has explored its own intangible cultural heritage model in Taisi Elementary School.
Selected as the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects, Fuqing Dance is an important campus cultural brand of Chengguan Primary School in Fuqing City. The dance is the first of the five ancient rites in China, has a long history of inheritance, is an important national ritual of the trinity of ancient poetry, rites and music, and the Fuqing dance is based on the Ming Dynasty's "Gong Rite Music Shu" of the map, dance score gradually restored the Ming Dynasty Han style dance.
Since 2014, Chengguan Primary School has organized students to practice the dance in the form of club activities, and the scale of the club has grown from more than 20 to more than 100, and often participates in various cultural activities on behalf of the school, continuously expanding the influence of the dance. When dozens of dancers of the dance team, dressed in Hanfu and holding Zhai Gong, slowly entered in the solemn and elegant Northern Song Dynasty Dasheng** voice, the team's pace was graceful and neat, the momentum was rigorous and majestic, and the scene was shocking.
Fuzhou City has successively issued relevant local regulations and regulations according to local conditions to support and standardize the activities of "intangible cultural heritage into the campus" and implement the goal of "intangible cultural heritage into the campus, cultural inheritance", Fuzhou City alone has identified more than 80 intangible cultural heritage demonstration schools, with an average of nearly 200,000 students participating in intangible cultural heritage activities every year, and more young people participating in intangible cultural heritage activities to experience the charm of intangible cultural heritage culture at close range.
Inspire innovation and inject vitality.
In middle school, the pressure of students' schoolwork increases, and the publicity of intangible cultural heritage culture in the campus is limited, relying mostly on traditional media such as billboards, brochures, television and radio to carry out, how to maintain the lasting interest of young people in intangible cultural heritage culture is the focus of intangible cultural heritage education in middle schools.
The Academy of Fine Arts of Fujian Normal University has conducted a special survey on the understanding of local intangible cultural heritage culture among young people in Fujian, and the results show that more than half of the middle school students do not know much about the intangible cultural heritage of Fujian Province, and do not pay much attention to the intangible cultural heritage news, and most of the students have less contact with intangible cultural heritage, resulting in their vague understanding of traditional folk culture, and they say "not trendy", "incomprehensible" or "a little rustic" about traditional patterns.
However, what is interesting is that when asked "which way do you prefer intangible cultural heritage to enter the campus", the vast majority of students chose "social practice", followed by "performance activities", indicating that students are more inclined to learn about intangible cultural heritage through active learning through personal experience.
Compared with the cognitive stage of primary school students, secondary school students have made great progress in creative thinking and abstract thinking, and the "Art Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education (2022 Edition)" requires students to learn to understand the meaning of intangible cultural heritage, and use cutting, carving, weaving and other methods to make traditional weaving, embroidery, printing and dyeing, bamboo and wood and other handicrafts. In terms of cultural understanding, the requirements of the new curriculum standard are: "to be able to put forward constructive suggestions for the protection of intangible cultural heritage according to the actual local situation." ”
Combined with the above-mentioned characteristics of middle school learning, the Academy of Fine Arts of Fujian Normal University has designed and innovated a series of new strategies for intangible cultural heritage teaching to guide students to actively engage in interdisciplinary learning. For example, teachers will integrate the visual elements of today's society into the curriculum, and middle school students are also happy to draw their favorite images such as ** images and social hot stalks on their works.
Shao Yige is an undergraduate student at the Academy of Fine Arts of Fujian Normal University, and during her educational internship at Huaqiao Middle School, she focused on integrating Fujian's intangible cultural heritage into junior high school art classes. She led the students to make traditional handicrafts - Fuzhou oil-paper umbrellas, and many students drew Peppa Pig, SpongeBob SquarePants, and some of them painted their own cats and dogs on the oil-paper umbrellas.
Fuzhou Overseas Chinese Middle School has an oil-paper umbrella class (photo by Shao Yige).
Shao Yige said: "In the actual teaching, I found that some students like to draw and enjoy the fun of painting, but some students are sluggish and have no interest in artistic creation. In view of this situation, I think it is necessary to let them draw what they like first, interest is the strongest motivation to learn, and make them fall in love with intangible cultural heritage subtly. Shao Yige encourages students to start from their interests, adopt independent learning, independent learning and group cooperation, and solve practical problems in the process of "learning by doing, learning by doing".
Assuming that you are both directors of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum, how do you produce brochures and organize various intangible cultural heritage activities? Through such contextual questions, the teacher hopes to stimulate students' creativity and guide students to deeply understand and love local traditional culture in the process of "understanding and ** - design and production - display and evaluation".
The students were particularly enthusiastic about the character setting of the "Director of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Art Museum", and quickly formed their own "leadership team", where everyone discussed in groups, started brainstorming, and wonderful ideas emerged. The first task faced by the "curators" is to design the intangible cultural heritage brochure, although the content presentation is slightly thin, but the style of the manual is not ambiguous, some are made into flat handbooks, scroll paintings, some are made into three-dimensional tunnel books, and also through collage, engraving techniques to promote intangible cultural heritage, can be called an excellent and conscientious "intangible cultural heritage museum director".
The inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage requires the active participation of young people, and in addition to increasing the number of publicity venues and activities related to intangible cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage should be brought into the classroom and closely integrated with art education in schools, so as to enhance students' sense of history and identity with local traditional culture.
Cultivating talents and promoting communication.
In 2021, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and other departments issued the Implementation Plan for the Research and Training Program for Inheritors of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage (2021-2025) to mobilize colleges and universities to participate in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, expand the team of intangible cultural heritage inheritors, and promote the social dissemination of the concept of intangible cultural heritage protection.
The protection of intangible cultural heritage is highly professional, involves a wide range of fields, and has high technical requirements, so the training of intangible cultural heritage inheritors is particularly important. The introduction of intangible cultural heritage into the construction of cultural campuses of local colleges and universities not only promotes the establishment of intangible cultural heritage in colleges and universities, but also innovates and develops the cultural construction of colleges and universities.
For example, Fujian Vocational College of Arts has implemented the talent model of "living inheritance of intangible cultural heritage", integrating intangible cultural heritage items with Fujian characteristics into professional construction and curriculum system - intangible cultural heritage projects Fuzhou reborn lacquerware decoration skills into the direction of arts and crafts lacquer art, Dehua ceramics and Jianyang Jianzhan firing skills into the ceramic design major, and Putian wood carving skills into the direction of arts and crafts wood carving. At the same time, the college attaches great importance to the in-depth integration of production and education, innovates and develops the school-enterprise cooperation model, and cultivates a large number of urgently needed application-oriented technical talents for enterprises such as jewelry production, traditional furniture design and production, wood carving, etc.
Fujian colleges and universities also set up intangible cultural heritage courses according to local conditions according to the region where they are located. In 2009, Mazu beliefs and customs were listed as the world's intangible cultural heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which is China's first world heritage of beliefs and customs. Fujian Mazu has a strong cultural atmosphere, and Meizhou Island in Putian City is the hometown of Mazu.
In view of the broad mass base of Mazu culture, Putian University has integrated intangible cultural heritage elements with unique regional characteristics, such as Mazu beliefs and customs, Putian opera, and car drums, into modern dance, aerobics and other sports courses, and has choreographed modern fitness projects such as Mazu dance, Mazu gymnastics, and Mazu gong.
Minjiang University, Minjiang Normal College, Fuzhou Tourism Vocational Secondary School and many other colleges and universities have opened intangible cultural heritage related majors such as Shoushan Stone Carving, Fuzhou Commentary, Fuzhou Lingyi, Fujian Opera, Reborn Lacquerware Decoration Skills, Lacquer Painting, Cork Painting, Jasmine Tea Kiln Making Technology, etc., and have cultivated a group of intangible cultural heritage talents with research, artistic ability and production ability for Fuzhou. The model of "intangible cultural heritage universities" has been increasingly used and promoted.
Fujian colleges and universities have also set up intangible cultural heritage protection associations, taking advantage of opportunities such as cultural and art festivals and summer social practice to organize teachers and students to explore folk intangible cultural heritage. In the summer of 2023, the Spark Practice Team of Fujian Jiangxia University "Tracing the Footprints of the General Secretary - Minshan Minshui Wuhuaxin" came to Sanming City, and successively visited Datian Village, Dayuan Village, and Wanshouyan, chatting with the inheritors of intangible cultural heritage about the "earthworm lantern" culture, watching the Nu dance performance in the thousand-year-old village, looking for ancient memories in the prehistoric remains, and the students touched the context of Chinese culture and felt the charm of Chinese culture in the immersive experience and walking ideological and political courses.
The two sides of the Taiwan Strait are close to each other, and Fujian and Taiwan have a continuous cultural context and nostalgia. Minnan Normal University uses intangible cultural heritage as a bridge to hold an exhibition of "Ancient Rhyme of Southern Fujian, Cross-Strait Love" on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Through the display of intangible cultural heritage items such as Zhangzhou Jin Ge, Quanzhou Gaojia Opera, Fujian and Taiwan Gezai Opera, Fujian and Taiwan Puppets, Nanyin, Liyuan Opera, etc., the charm of traditional art with the same root and origin on both sides of the Taiwan Strait will be highlighted, cross-strait cultural exchanges and cooperation will be promoted, the friendship between compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Strait will be enhanced, and the protection and inheritance of traditional Chinese culture will be jointly promoted on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Chi Xiaoxia, director of the Fuzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, is full of confidence in the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, she said: "We implement the three important concepts of 'protection in improvement', 'intangible cultural heritage into modern life' and 'seeing people, things and life', laying a solid foundation for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, injecting vitality and vitality, expanding the effect of 'future heritage', and continuously enhancing the international brand influence of Mindu culture." ”
The author is a lecturer at the Academy of Fine Arts, Fujian Normal University).