Southwestern University of Finance and Economics 630 Sociological Theory Postgraduate Examination Materials
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Impartiality is expected
Answer] The expectation of fairness refers to the subjective expectation that consists of the proportional relationship between the expenses paid and the rewards received by individuals in their past actions. Individuals continue to look forward to the repetition of this proportional relationship in the same situation in their current or future actions. If he actually receives less than this expectation, he will feel unjust and feel a sense of relative deprivation. The expectation of impartiality is prevalent in the process of social exchange.
Stimulus proposition
Answer] The stimulus proposition refers to the fact that the same stimulus may bring about the same or similar behavior. The basic meaning of the stimulus proposition is to use what happened in the past to ** what is currently or likely to happen in the future. If a person has been paid for an activity in a certain situation in the past, then, when the same situation occurs, it will make him repeat that activity, and the stimulus actually refers to the influence of the surrounding environment, which is the influence of the surrounding environment on the person's behavior and activity. If a thief succeeds in stealing the first time when there is a lot of people, then he may commit the crime again when he encounters a crowded place, and the experience of past successes will become the criterion for a person's future actions.
Institutionalization
Answer] Institutionalization refers to the process of transforming the social life of groups and organizations from a special and unfixed way to a generally recognized fixed model. It is a process of change in which the whole social life is standardized and orderly. It indicates the degree to which an individual, an organization's behavior conforms to social norms, and the process. It is manifested in the process of the development of social organizations from informal systems to formal systems, and the social system from unsound to sound. Its main functions are: to enhance social functions and increase social control.
How does Blau address the issue of social inequity? How to evaluate its theoretical and practical significance?
Answer] (1) A discussion on the problem of unfair social distribution.
The unfair relationship between costs and rewards, i.e. the unfair distribution of social benefits, can give rise to a very complex movement against existing power structures. One of the basic functions or responsibilities of groups and leaders in leadership positions is to coordinate the cost-reward distribution relationship between groups and their members, which is also the basic expectation of other groups and their members for the leadership group and its leaders. When there is a general sense of cost-reward inequality, the movement to change the existing power structure will take place in various forms. Some are directly involved in the movement against the power structure; Others do not participate directly in the rebellion, but may move from one group to another in order to change the distributive injustice.
Blau believes that in the face of complex resistance movements, leaders should actively use various favorable factors to ease and resolve conflicts. Leaders should take positive measures: Leaders should engage in dialogue and communication with the rebels, clarify the root causes of the resistance movement, take timely and effective measures to solve the problem of social inequality, and gradually channel and quell the resistance movement.
2) Theoretical significance and practical significance.
From a theoretical point of view, it is revealed that the root cause of the problem of unfair social distribution is the unfair relationship between cost and reward.
From a practical point of view, it provides group leaders with positive attitudes and measures to take in the face of resistance movements, which is conducive to the leaders to better play the role of leadership and better achieve equity in the group.
How to understand and evaluate the meaning of conversation analysis?
Answer] The significance of conversation analysis can be understood and evaluated from the following aspects:
1) Conversation analysis is mainly to study the rich and understandable and analyzable behaviors of the talkers in various conversations, the order and revision structure of the talkers' speeches, the interlocutors' preference for a certain form of dialogue as an organizational form rather than a psychological form, the primacy of daily dialogue and other relationships with social structure and institutional environment, and the relationship between vocal and silent expression activities, etc.
2) People can use discourse to achieve their own specific goals when interacting with each other, and only through the superficial meaning and use of discourse, and in-depth analysis of the dialogue, can we reveal how the speaker uses certain strategies and skills to communicate with others and achieve their own goals.
3) Conversations are structured and regular, and the two sides and parties of the conversation have a certain order of rotation of discourse, which is conducive to ensuring the smooth progress of the conversation, and the analysis of conversation emphasizes intersubjectivity, that is, how people reach a consensus on the world, and rely on this consensus to reach order and norms in life.
4) Conversation analysis focuses on the understanding of sociology, pays attention to the study of social order, rules and institutions, focuses on daily life, and opposes assumptions and external abstractions about daily life, which promotes the development of fieldwork, especially the progress of interviews.
Ordinary people methodology
Answer] Ordinary people methodology refers to the theory that studies the methods used by people in their daily interactions. The Ordinary Man methodology is a different kind of theory (at least as its founder Harold Garfunkel intended) because it does not start from a preconceived assumption like other theories. Ordinary people believe that ordinary people in real society (including sociologists) always take it for granted that social action is carried out in a reality with a certain social order (for sociologists in the past, this order is divided into collectivism and individualism), and they never doubt this reality, but in fact, this reality is subjectively constructed by people's consciousness, and people interact with each other in an orderly manner. Symbolic systems continue to rely on the constructive activity of actors and their belief that others are doing the same. It is the methods and techniques used by ordinary methodologists to study the reality of people's consciousness construction activities, thus opening up a new world for sociology.
Knowledge Inventory [Huazhong Agricultural University, 2018].
Answer] Knowledge stock refers to "the repository of knowledge that is readily available at the hands of the actor, that is naturally accumulated in the actor's long-term daily life behavior, and that plays a role in the action at all times". It is an important category of Schutz's transformation of Husserl's concept of the lifeworld, and it is also an important concept that he uses to analyze the knowledge composition of the lifeworld. The inventory knowledge at hand is gradually accumulated and formed by ordinary people in the world of intersubjectivity, and it is a kind of knowledge that can be used at any time, and thousands of specific situations generated in the development of daily events can be understood and explained through the knowledge reserve that is readily available by this individual. When these characteristics of the inventory knowledge at hand are challenged and the inventory knowledge at hand does not work, a crisis arises, and the assumption of natural attitudes becomes problematic and shakes the sense of reality of the whole world.
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