Exploration and summary of the application technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in cotton field management
As an important cash crop closely related to people's livelihood, ensuring its stable output plays a very important role in the country's economic development. For a long time, China's agricultural mechanization level is low, the scale process is slow, the planting labor force is large, the input is large, and the yield loss caused by pests and diseases is as high as 30%.
The conventional cotton pesticide fertilization equipment is mainly based on large-volume coarse fog droplet application modes such as manual sprayers, knapsack sprayers, and motorized sprayers, which have problems such as poor control effect, high labor intensity, high cost, and low pesticide utilization rate.
Plant protection unmanned plant protection is a new agricultural operation mode, compared with conventional manual spraying, mechanical spraying, with high safety, good control effect, high pesticide utilization rate, high operation efficiency, water saving, medicine and labor and other advantages, by the majority of farmers generally recognized, the promotion of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for prevention and control, will become an important means to improve cotton production. In recent years, the problem of low efficiency in China's cotton operation has become increasingly prominent, which has seriously restricted the sustainable development of China's cotton industry and enhanced the competitiveness of the raw cotton market.
1 Definition and types of plant protection drones.
1.1 Basic Principles of Plant Protection and Control. Plant protection UAV is fundamentally a flyable unmanned aircraft, which is mainly composed of three parts: flight platform (fixed-wing, multicopter), navigation flight control and pesticide application. Its main role is the maintenance of agriculture and forestry, and it can be sprayed with pesticides and seeds, and has the advantages of strong flexibility, water saving, chemicals, labor and high efficiency.
1.2 Types of drones for plant protection and conservation. At present, there are many manufacturers of plant protection drones in China, and their product brands and models are numerous, and their respective technical characteristics are also different. According to the different mechanisms of the system, it can be divided into three types: multi-rotor, single-rotor and coaxial. According to its required power, it can be divided into electric multi-rotor, oil-electric hybrid multi-rotor, oil-electric hybrid multi-rotor and oil-variable range plant protection UAV. Multi-rotor plant protection UAV is a modular structure, mainly based on lithium battery as energy, high degree of automation, easy to operate, use and maintenance are very convenient, is currently in agriculture and forestry is vigorously promoted and applied in a new type of agricultural machinery. Single-rotor plant protection UAV has good wind resistance, and the efficiency of spraying is also very high, but it is very expensive to build, maintenance and maintenance costs are also very high, and it is also difficult to operate, and has high requirements for the quality of the pilot, so it has not been widely used until now.
2. Application characteristics of agricultural machinery in agriculture.
2.1. It has good safety performance and high operation performance. According to relevant data, more than 100,000 people die every year due to the control of agricultural pests in China, and the mortality rate is as high as 20%. The use of plant protection drones for spraying can greatly reduce the harm to humans during pesticide application, thereby greatly reducing the risk of intoxication caused by pesticides by workers, thereby better ensuring the safety of agriculture. In addition, the use of plant protection drones for agricultural pest control can reduce the overuse of pesticides by farmers and reduce the impact on the environment. Plant protection drones can achieve 3-4 hectares in hours (about 6.).7 hectares of hours), its work efficiency is 3-4 times higher than that of agricultural machinery and equipment, and more than 30 times higher than manual spraying, which greatly reduces manpower input.
2.2. Improve the governance effect and reduce the operating cost. Compared with conventional agricultural machinery, plant protection drones have significant economic advantages in pest control, which can reduce the amount of pesticides, reduce the dependence on manpower, and can effectively prevent large-scale agricultural machinery from causing damage to plants and improve work efficiency. Plant protection UAV flight defense is the use of ultra-small volume liquid agent, hot fog and ultra-low amount of electrostatic agent for spraying, with good atomization and penetration ability, so as to achieve better control and control effect. The test proves that the agent saves 30% compared with the conventional application agent, saves more than 90% of water, and the control cost is low.
2.3. It has good applicability and versatility. The control of crop pests by plant protection drones is not limited to the growth status of crops, such as in intercropping farmland or at the end of crop growth, the use of plant protection drones for field spraying, to achieve effective control of pests. The control of crop pests and pests by plant protection drones has nothing to do with geographical location and altitude, and is suitable for agricultural production in different regions such as plains, hills, and mountains. Plant protection UAV has the characteristics of compact structure, no need for a dedicated parking lot, no need for the ground, and the ground can take off and land, which is convenient for the driver to drive quickly and skillfully, and is convenient for a wide range of popularization and popularization.
3. Plant protection drones for cotton field operations.
3.1. Pest control. Chemical agents are used to control common pests in cotton production, such as aphids, red spiders, bollworms, bugs, and wilt and verticillium wilt. The use of plant protection machinery control technology for the control of cotton pests is more effective than the conventional chemical control methods. The test results showed that the particle size of the droplets was closely related to the effect of the agent, and the fine droplets sprayed in the appropriate area could obtain better control results. The test results show that the plant protection UAV is in 2When it is less than 5 meters, it is used at a high speed of 4 meters and seconds, 2It is controlled at an altitude of 5 meters to achieve the best control purpose.
3.2 Regulation of the agent. Because cotton has the characteristics of "unlimited", that is, the coexistence of nutrition and reproduction, if it rains, it is easy to cause excess nutrients in plants, resulting in insufficient nutrients required for plant development, resulting in a large number of buds and boll numbers. The application of arthrothromine during the growth period of cotton can inhibit the vegetative growth of cotton, promote its reproductive growth, and enhance its disease resistance, but its mechanism of action is not clear. The traditional production mode consumes a lot of manpower and material resources, which increases the production cost of the enterprise. The previous study of this project found that in 1At the flight speed of 5 meters and 4 meters, it can effectively regulate the growth and development of cotton plants, effectively improve their work efficiency, ensure their work quality, and realize efficient and stable production of cotton.
3.3 Application of fertilizers. Nitrogen chasing can not only meet the nutrient needs of cotton growth and development, but also ensure the high quality and high yield of cotton. Plant protection drone fertilizer spraying technology has the advantages of not being limited by plant height, flexible and efficient, which can make up for the problems of low temperature at seedling stage, weak root absorption ability, low root vitality and weak absorption capacity in traditional fertilizer application methods. The results showed that the type, concentration and droplet size of the liquid had a greater effect on the absorption of foliar fertilizerAt a high speed of 5 ms, the wettability of the leaf surface can be significantly improved.
3.4. The defoliation and growth promotion technology uses chemical defoliation method to effectively treat cotton seeds, which can effectively inhibit the broken impurity content in cotton balls, improve the quality of cotton seeds, and reduce environmental pollution, which is a key issue in the production and operation of cotton areas in Xinjiang. Through field experiments in field plots, the effects of different concentrations of pesticides on maize leaves and leaves were studied, among which 1-12 l spray treatment was the best, and there was no obvious effect on the yield and quality of maize.
Through the study of the advantages of plant protection drones in the fields of cotton pest control, pesticide control, foliar fertilization and defoliation and ripening, the safety, advancement, practicability and efficiency of plant protection drones in cotton production are revealed. The development of plant protection drones in the plant protection industry, the improvement of operation specifications, and the continuous improvement of service agencies for unified defense and rule will surely be more popularized in the operation process of cotton fields, thereby greatly improving cotton yield, promoting the sustainable development of China's agriculture, and laying a good foundation for agricultural efficiency and farmers' income. Xie Hui (Hengshui Food Supervision and Administration Bureau);