Based on a review of the rich literature in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, we selected and analyzed 65 articles focusing on the fatigue behavior of porous (grid) materials. The literature spans the last decade, most of which is concentrated in the last four years, and the total number of extended citations reaches 291, which has been reviewed in order to comprehensive** all topics relevant to the scope of the article. The literature has covered the study of fatigue behavior in 24 cell types, and although it covers about 50% of all reported surveys, three surveys dominate. Notably, 80% of the literature has employed compression-compression fatigue tests, and although several metallic materials have been explored, 60% of the research has focused primarily on biomedical grade Ti-6Al-4 V. This suggests that the main current interest in fatigue-related applications of cellular materials comes from the biomedical field.
In order to provide readers with background knowledge of the most critical additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, porous (grid) material structures, and static mechanical behavior, we have organized this review document. The results of fatigue experiments on structural porous materials are examined, the main factors influencing their fatigue response are highlighted, and the experimental techniques that can be used to evaluate the fatigue properties of porous materials are described. This will help to identify design and technical measures to improve fatigue resistance and translate the latest knowledge into robust fatigue design guidelines in subsequent chapters to validate structural element (grid) materials.
In terms of gaining insight into the additive manufacturing of metal parts, we provide a clear and critical review of the AM process, highlighting two main categories of technologies: directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion (PBF). A comparison of laser PBF and electron beam PBF illustrates the key understanding of choosing the right technology. The process flow of L-PBF and EB-PBF is explained in detail, as well as their key steps in the manufacturing process.
A critical step in material design is the morphology of the porous material. We mentioned the mathematical description of TPMS by the horizontal set approximation technique based on the harmonic function and the level of the desired density, which is used for mathematical modeling. To explain the mechanical properties of lattice porous materials, we review some of the basic concepts used for modeling in design, such as representative volumetric elements (RVE) and relative density.
In the detailed study of the fatigue behavior of porous materials, we analyze the importance of experimental studies, especially those performed on the mechanical models of the crystal lattice. The experimental study of fatigue behavior is detailed, from the linear elastic state to the stationary state, and finally to the densification stage. The different stress-strain curves of tensile and bending-dominated structures indicate differences in their failure mechanisms, which is critical for designing porous materials.
Through in-depth research in these important areas, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the design and construction of future fatigue-resistant porous materials. This review aims to help engineers and researchers better understand and leverage the properties of porous materials, laying the groundwork for future innovation and development. In further study of porous materials, we introduce key concepts such as relative density and porosity, which are essential for describing material morphology. Although relative density is a powerful concept, it does not fully characterize the morphology of cellular matter. This becomes especially evident in predominantly bending and tensile structures, which exhibit different mechanical properties and failure mechanisms. We highlight this trend to illustrate the geometric inaccuracies that can exist in actual manufacturing and how these uncertainties affect the mechanical properties of materials.
Further research involves the mechanical modeling of lattice materials, which provides a framework for effective properties in the design. We introduce the concept of representative volumetric elements (RVE), especially in the application of periodic structures. For porous materials with no regular periods, the correct size of the RVE becomes more complicated, and we propose a method to gradually increase the size of the RVE and verify that the properties converge.
After discussing the static mechanical properties of porous materials, we focused on experiments that investigated fatigue behavior. By comparing different stress-strain curves, we highlight the differences in the failure mechanisms of the tensile and bending-dominated lattices. These experimental observations reveal key insights into how these structures fail layer by layer under stress.
We summarise the key findings of this review. A deep understanding of the design and construction of tomorrow's fatigue-resistant porous materials will be key to driving innovation. This article aims to provide engineers and researchers with a comprehensive resource that will enable them to better understand the properties of porous materials and achieve greater success in their applications.
Through an in-depth analysis of 65 articles, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the fatigue behavior of porous materials, covering key knowledge in both static and dynamic aspects. This review lays the foundation for future research and applications, and provides strong support for the wide range of applications of porous materials in different fields. We look forward to seeing more innovation in this area and even greater contributions to science and engineering. The field of porous materials research has always been an area full of challenges and opportunities. Through exhaustive analysis of many different types of materials, we have revealed the superior properties of the lattice in porous structures. The stress-strain curves show that the failure mechanism and performance differences of the structure are not only affected by fundamental parameters such as relative density, but also by the uncertainties that may be introduced during the manufacturing process.
In proposing the framework for mechanical modeling, we are aware of the challenge of selecting representative volumetric elements in porous materials with no regular periods. By gradually increasing the size of the RVE, we can better understand how the properties converge under different conditions, which provides a new idea for the numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of porous materials.
The experimental study section highlights the behavior of porous materials under fatigue conditions. Tension and bending-dominated lattices exhibit distinct stress-strain characteristics, which are critical for designing stronger, more durable structures. An in-depth understanding of these porous structures will help guide future innovation in engineering and science.
Through a detailed analysis of 65 articles** over the past decade, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the fatigue properties of porous materials. We highlight the key factors that need to be considered in the design, while also identifying potential directions for future research. The wide range of applications of porous materials, especially in the biomedical field, demonstrates their potential to push the frontiers of science and technology.
In summary, the fatigue behavior of porous materials is a complex and fascinating research topic. For engineers and scientists, a deep understanding of the properties of these materials, taking full advantage of their strengths, and overcoming possible challenges will be key to future research. We look forward to seeing more innovations and practical applications to make greater contributions to the development of science and technology. The study of porous materials has tapped into its potential for a wide range of applications in various fields. Through the analysis of 65 articles**, we have a more comprehensive understanding of the properties and fatigue behavior of porous structures. This study demonstrates the unique value of porous materials in the biomedical field and provides insights to guide us deeper into this field.
Differential traits of fatigue properties, such as the failure mechanisms of tensile and bending-dominated lattices, are critical for designing and fabricating more durable, reliable structures. We are deeply aware of the influence of fundamental parameters such as relative density on the properties of porous materials, and try to build mechanical models to better understand these effects.
In terms of numerical simulation, the selection of representative volumetric elements (RVE) becomes a key problem. By gradually increasing the size of the RVE, we are trying to overcome this challenge and provide more accurate mechanical behavior for future porous material simulations**.
An in-depth study of the fatigue properties of porous materials not only helps to reveal their behavior under specific conditions, but also provides guidance for further innovation in the field of engineering and science. Looking to the future, we look forward to more in-depth research on porous materials to drive the continuous development of this field.
The study of fatigue behavior of porous materials is a challenging and forward-looking task. Through comprehensive experiments and numerical simulations, we have broadened our understanding of porous structures and laid the foundation for designing more advanced and high-performing materials. It is expected that this field will continue to innovate in the future and contribute more possibilities to social development and scientific and technological progress. Through an in-depth study of the fatigue behavior of porous materials, we have become more aware of the need to consider multiple factors in the design and manufacturing process. The analysis of 65 professional articles provides us with an opportunity to dig deeper into the nature of porous structures, while also opening up new directions for exploration in related fields in engineering and science.
In the fatigue properties of porous materials, the influence of basic parameters such as relative density has attracted much attention. Careful tuning of these parameters is expected not only to improve the fatigue resistance of porous materials, but also to optimize their performance in specific applications. It is these key regulatory factors that make porous materials a compelling direction for future technological and engineering innovations.
When it comes to numerical simulations, choosing the right representative volumetric elements (RVE) is essential to accurately simulate the behavior of porous materials. By continuously improving the model, we are committed to improving the accuracy of the numerical simulations to better reflect the actual performance of the porous structure. This is not only a challenge for materials science, but also a more reliable basis for future engineering design.
The wide range of applications for porous materials covers a wide range of fields, from biomedical to engineering and construction. By gaining an in-depth understanding of the properties of porous structures, we are better able to meet the specific needs of different fields for material properties. This lays the foundation for future interdisciplinary research and pushes the boundaries of scientific and technological innovation.
The study of porous materials not only enriches our understanding of materials science, but also provides new ideas for material design and manufacturing. By combining experimental and theoretical research, we can better grasp the nature of porous structures and create even more superior functional materials in the future. We look forward to the continuous expansion of this field in the future and make greater contributions to the sustainable development of human society.
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