(a).
When it comes to "science", many people must first think of Zhu Xi. Because Zhu Zi has been lecturing in Fujian for a long time, he is called "Min Studies". In the study of "Lian, Luo, Guan, and Fujian", "Guanxue" is an indispensable point for understanding the science of the Song Dynasty. Zhang Zai founded "Guan Xue", and his study has a strong spirit of application to the world. The purpose of its study is to "establish a heart for heaven and earth, establish a life for the people, continue to learn for the saints, and open peace for all generations". These words must be familiar to everyone. For hundreds of years, many literati and writers have taken this as their motto.
2) Zhang Zai (1020-1077), a native of Hengqu Town, Fengxiang Yixian (now Meixian County, Shaanxi), was a thinker, educator, and one of the founders of science in the Northern Song Dynasty. Known as Mr. Hengqu, honored as Zhang Zi, Feng Xianxian, enshrined in the 38th place of the Confucian Temple. His famous words of "establishing a heart for heaven and earth, establishing a life for the people, continuing to learn for the saints, and opening peace for all generations" were called "four sentences of Hengqu" by the contemporary philosopher Feng Youlan, because of its conciseness and grandeur, it has been praised throughout the ages. Zhang Zai, together with Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Cheng Yi, and Cheng Hao, are collectively known as the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty", and have written works such as "Zhengmeng" and "Hengqu Yishuo". It expresses a deep understanding of the value of human existence and moral mission. These four sentences are concise, clear, and far-reaching, and have become classics in the history of Chinese philosophy. Each word of these four sentences contains profound philosophical thoughts, reflecting mankind's deep thinking about the universe, life, culture and the future.
3) "Establish a heart for heaven and earth" is to establish a value system with "benevolence" as the core for human society. It refers to the life feeling and spiritual realm of human beings and all things in heaven and earth. It means that human beings should have a sense of reverence, respect for the laws of nature, and conform to the ways of heaven and earth. Human beings are not the masters of nature, but a part of nature, and should live in harmony with nature to create a better future together.
Establish a life for the people", the ideological root is the theory of Mencius's "life". It is to let the people of the world have a place to live and live. "Settle down", that is, life has a settlement, and "life", that is, the soul has a settlement, and the spirit has a home. Establishing a life for the people emphasizes that the ruling class should take on the mission of working for the well-being of the people. The people of life exist not only to satisfy their own desires, but also to serve others and contribute to society. Only by allowing more people to live a happy and beautiful life can the value and meaning of human beings be realized.
"Learning for the sake of the saints" means that mankind should inherit and carry forward the wisdom and cultural heritage of the sages. The sacredness here is a kind of "monarch worship" object for Confucian scholars in later generations. Inherit, carry forward and innovate the academic and philosophical ideas of the sages. History is the precious wealth of mankind, and the wisdom and ideas of the sages are an important part of human civilization. We should cherish these legacies, continue to learn and explore, and contribute to the progress and development of mankind.
"To open peace for all generations" is based on the theory of "benevolence" and puts forward the concept of "benevolent government and moral governance". It has had a profound impact on the rule of law and the rule of virtue of the ruling class in later generations. It expresses the beautiful vision of mankind for the future. Peace, stability and prosperity are the common aspirations of human society, and we should strive to achieve this goal. Only by making the world of the future better can we demonstrate the wisdom and strength of human beings. The four sentences of Hengqu express the ancient Chinese Confucianism's understanding of their own responsibilities, obligations and character, and also demonstrate the sense of mission of ancient intellectuals. It is the essence of ancient Chinese philosophical thought, which reminds us to have a sense of awe, to take on a mission, to inherit wisdom, and to pursue peace. These ideas are not only reflections and summaries of ancient times, but also enlightenment and guidance for modern people. Only by truly understanding and practicing these ideas can we realize the value and meaning of human beings and contribute to the progress and development of society.