In recent years, with the rise of short and various platforms, more and more traditional culture and intangible cultural heritage crafts have been understood and disseminated, such as lacquer art, pottery, curium porcelain, gold and so on. Not long ago, a casual chat with a friend talked about the origin of the gold thread this craft, everyone has different opinions, some people say that the gold thread originated from China's lacquer art, it is Japan "stole" China's craftsmanship, and some people took out some information to explain that the gold thread is from Japan's technology, casually search on the social **app "The gold thread originates from the **? You can get countless answers, and the people who see it are also dazzled. Indeed, for ordinary people who do not know much about the knowledge of arts and crafts, they have been confused when they see some professional terms, not to mention that they are lost in the Internet with different opinions.
Search for the Chinese entry for "金缮" in Google, and the answers given by different ** are different.
Since I am in this industry, I also try to read the information and write down some of my own views and opinions, let's start with what the process of gold is to talk about.
Jin Ji is also known as Jin Ji, to be exact, the word "Jin Ji" comes from the Japanese "Jin Ji", which can also be written as "Jin Ji", Roman pinyin"kintsugi、kintsukuroi"。The gold silk process uses natural lacquer and vegetable starch as a binder, and after the broken utensils are bonded, they are then decorated with gold and silver powder foil in the repair area with the gold painting and maki-e techniques of lacquer art, so as to achieve the purpose of repair and decoration. To put it more simply, it is to bond and repair broken ceramics with lacquer and then paint them with gold decoration.
So what is "lacquer"? This is both familiar and unfamiliar to us modern people, we now talk about lacquer or paint know that it is a chemical product, which can be seen everywhere in daily life, but the paint we are now common only has a history of 100 years, before there is no modern chemical paint, the lacquer we say or use refers to the lacquer liquid secreted by the lacquer tree, a natural plant resin. The introduction of lacquer can be regarded as what lacquer should be chosen for gold? Introduction to the commonly used lacquer Therefore, it can also be said that the gold thread belongs to the category of lacquer art, and the origin of the gold thread can be found from the lacquer art.
Just as China refers to porcelain, the Japanese English word japan also means lacquerware. In other words, in terms of global recognition, Japan represents lacquer art. Ancient China's lacquer art is very developed, widely influenced East Asia, from the existing unearthed cultural relics and historical materials to say that lacquer art originated in China is indisputable, unearthed in Hangzhou City, Xiaoshan District Xianghu Lake bridge ruins of lacquer bow, by carbon 14 dating, its age is about 8,000 years ago, refreshing the previous record held by the lacquer bowl unearthed at the Hemudu site, is the world's earliest lacquer object found so far. Then we don't have to think about why China, as the birthplace of lacquer art, is not as influential in the world as Japan?
A lacquered bow excavated from the site of the bridge across the lake.
So how did the gold thread evolve from lacquer art? If you have also looked up some information, you should have read such a small story: Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the shogun of the Muromachi period in Japan, got a porcelain bowl from the Longquan kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty, but it was broken soon after, and the same replacement could not be found in China, so the Chinese craftsmen used the method of "curium porcelain" to restore it, but Ashikaga Yoshimasa felt that such a repair was not beautiful and was not satisfied. At this time, Japanese lacquer art was booming, so Japanese lacquer craftsmen pondered a process of gluing the pieces with lacquer on the basis of "curium porcelain", and then pasting gold on the broken place, which is the Japanese "gold thread". Is this the case? According to the article "The Legend of the Horse Locust Stumbling Tea Ou" written by the Confucian scholar Ito Toya in the Edo period of Japan, it is probably during the Chunxi period of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty of China (the early years of Emperor Takakura of Japan), the head of the Japanese samurai at that time, Taira Shigemori, in order to actively carry out the ** of the Song Dynasty, gave a large amount of ** to the Yuwang Mountain (Jade Dragon Mountain) temple in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. After several twists and turns after the tea bowl crossed east to Japan, it was finally owned by Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, because the tea bowl had been flowing into Japan for more than 200 years, and there was a crack at the bottom in the process of circulation, and Ashikaga Yoshimasa, who liked the art of the style, felt that this bowl was quite unsatisfactory, so he sent an envoy to China with the tea bowl, hoping to re-fire an identical tea bowl. However, by this time, the Chinese Ming Dynasty craftsmen could no longer fire such excellent celadon tea bowls, and the Chinese craftsmen had no choice but to use metal nails to repair the cracks and send them back to Japan.
The full text of the "Horse Locust Stumbling Tea Ou" is as follows.
Higashiya Ito.
The ancient instrument is also, how to read the years, avoid the difficulty of fire and water, escape the doom of fragmentation, completely to pass on for a long time, Si Ke is still shang. Moreover, its delicate and ingenious, by the ancients appreciated the celebrity knowledge, its benefits can be treasured. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty of Xi'an, Pingnei Mansion Chongsheng Gongshe Jin Hangzhou Yuwang, now living in the Buddha according to the reward of the number of utensils, there is a green kiln tea Ou thing, the green light is clear, the world wants to see.
Tang tortoise Meng Shiyun Nine autumn wind dew more kiln open, won the thousand peaks of green color to come, or Yun Qian family has a country, Yuezhou burned in, not allowed to be used, so the cloud secret color, how can it be, according to legend is called the anvil hand. Cizhao Yuan Yuanxiang Xiangguo righteous government public obtained, the most cherished. At the bottom there is a vein, Xiangguo sent the Ming Dynasty because of the envoy's appointment, recruited to his Ou, and the Ming people sent craftsmen to tie it with iron nails and six bowls, stumbling like a horse locust, and also found it interesting, still called the horse locust tripping tea Ou.
Xiangguo gave his courtiers Zonglin. Enjoy the age of Bao Dingwei, and give it a view to the home of Sun Xuanhuai of the ninth generation of Zonglin. To the solid non-Bo ancient, but its elegance and exquisiteness, it is appropriate for the previous life will be still good. Woohoo, passed on from his ancestors, given from his ancestors, obtained from the Ping Neifu, so that it has been more than 560 years now, and has been 300 years since the mercy of the public, which can be described as a good transmission.
Is it just the exquisiteness of its utensils and the appreciation of the famous people? If the family is not cultivated, the eunuch industry is successful, and the world does not lose its guard, how can the treasure be passed on to Sihu? Therefore, if you want to live forever and live in the future, you can't not forget it. And it has been for a long time, and Xi has no excuses.
Written by Xiang Bao Ding Wei Zhongchun Jing Zhao Ito Nagayin.
Song Longquan kiln "horse locust tripping" blue glaze flower-mouth porcelain bowl Tokyo National Museum collection.
However, this article does not reflect a record of the gold silk process, so let's go back to the earliest lacquer process in ancient China that was close to the effect of the gold silk, depicting gold lacquerware and gold hair. Gold painting is a lacquer craft technique, that is, the process of adding gold patterns to the monochrome lacquer ground, among which the black lacquer ground is the most common, followed by the vermilion lacquer ground and the purple lacquer ground. If it is painted with gold on the black lacquer ground, it is called black lacquer painted gold, and the red lacquered ground is called red lacquer painted gold. According to Huang Dacheng's "Decoration Record" in the Ming Dynasty, it is recorded that the gold is painted, and a lacquer is painted with gold, that is, the pure gold flower text. Zhu Di and black matter are suitable for Yan. His texts are based on landscapes, feathers, flowers and fruits, character stories, etc.; And the fine hook is yang, the grooming is yin, or black lacquer, or colored gold elephant. Yang Ming once noted: Rationalization, its reason is like carving, and the yin in the yang is also. Mud, thin gold, yellow, green, red, wrong to apply as an image, called the color gold elephant. and mixed with gold paint, and or filled, or halo. The colored gold elephant here refers to the gold leaf of different colors staggered and pasted. Friends who know about gold or lacquer art should understand that the above description of the process is not the same as the gold or Japanese lacquer art in the gold art or the "maki-e" mentioned in the gold thread process!
Han Dynasty painted gold deformation cloud phoenix pattern lacquerware ding.
According to the research of lacquer expert Wang Shixiang, the art of painting gold lacquer has been produced since the Warring States and Han dynasties, and he has mastered the skills of decorating with gold and silver. In the Sui and Tang dynasties or earlier, gold lacquer was introduced to Japan from China. According to the Ming Dynasty Chen Ting's "Two Mountains and Ink Talks" volume 18: "The method of lacquer painting in modern times originally came from the Wa Kingdom (referring to Japan). Xuande tried to send the lacquer worker Yang to the Wa Kingdom to pass on his law. Yang's son Xun learned it, and he was able to come up with new ideas, using five-colored gold and gold at the same time, not only following his old method. So they looked for different names, naïve. When the Japanese came to China to see it, they also accused it, thinking that although the country created a law, it could not achieve this wonderful thing. The text records in detail that during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty (1426 1435), the palace sent the lacquer worker Yang to Japan to learn the gold painting method, and Yang Zhizi Xun created a new lacquer method.
Of course, the above few words do not mean that the current gold craft is created by us, but it is certain that the similar gold technique has been mastered by our ancients in an earlier period, and it can also be seen that in the history of Chinese and Japanese craftsmen have learned from each other in the process of technology to improve, we can not but admit that the lacquer art to Japan after the continuation of the development of the influence and improvement of Chinese lacquer art, it is this mutual exchange and influence to promote the improvement and progress of the process.
I try to analyze the difference between lacquer art and lacquer art in terms of craftsmanship, lacquer art is a larger and broader scope, while gold lacquer art is more like a small range of lacquer art, which is a concept of combining ceramics and lacquer art. Is there such a combination of lacquer and ceramics in China's history? It's pretty safe to say that there is. In 1987, in the archaeological excavation of the underground palace of Famen Temple in Shaanxi, a pair of porcelain bowls with lacquer flat off in the Tang Dynasty were unearthed, which is a precious cultural relic that perfectly combines the secret color porcelain with gold and silver technology and lacquer technology.
Tang Dynasty lacquer flat off secret color porcelain bowl.
This also reflects that the concept of combining lacquer and ceramics has long been thought of and realized by the ancients, so why is it that similar craftsmanship in the Tang Dynasty has rarely been circulated in later generations, or compared with the traditional Chinese curium porcelain restoration, there are almost no unearthed cultural relics in China? Ceramics and lacquerware have a large number of surviving cultural relics, and even the secret color porcelain bowl of Famen Temple, which combines lacquer and ceramics, has been preserved underground for thousands of years. My personal opinion is that the difference between culture and aesthetics is not that our ancients could not associate this kind of craft, but that the aesthetic form of the gold silk craft itself does not conform to the official aesthetic values of ancient China. The use of gold and silver decoration in ancient China was originally to highlight the prestige of the royal nobles and the official rank and etiquette system, and the gold silk as a repair technique was aimed at reducing the "sense of incompleteness" after the artifact was damaged. Quoting Wang Xiaoge's article by Xinmin.com, "The maturity of the Jinji craft and the formation of its related aesthetic orientation are deeply influenced by Japanese culture, especially the Japanese tea ceremony culture. The Japanese tea ceremony pursues "harmony, respect, purity, and silence", which is similar to religion but not religion, and similar to performing arts but not performing arts. It integrates Taoism, Yin-Yang Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Shinto, and Taoism, and is manifested in architecture, gardens, calligraphy and painting, ceramics, bamboo, lacquerware, flower arrangement, incense, cooking, etiquette, tea ordering methods and many other aspects. Tea drinking is indispensable, and "tea utensils" have become an important material carrier of the Japanese tea ceremony. There are many types of utensils used in Japanese tea ceremonies, which can be divided into two categories according to their origin: first, products originating from foreign countries, including "Karamono tea ware" from China and "Korean tea bowls" fired on the Korean Peninsula; The other category refers to tea bowls made in kilns in Japan, which are called "washo" in Japanese. During the era in which Sen no Rikyu lived, it was the climax of the "Troubles of the Emperor of Kasei (1522-1567)". The price of Chinese cultural relics has skyrocketed in Japan. In the context of the serious shortage of Chinese cultural relics, the practice of replacing Chinese "Tang objects" with Japanese-made "Japanese objects" gradually emerged. On the other hand, at that time, even the broken Tang ware was still a high-end tea ware that was not easy to obtain, and after the restoration of the gold thread, it also had the aesthetic meaning of "wabi-sabi" like the "Wamono" tea ware. It was under the influence of Japanese tea ceremony culture that the technique of kinji not only gradually developed into a specialized profession, but also created a new aesthetic concept. ”
Lacquer art Maki-e works Author: Shibata is true.
I try to think from the perspective of another question, why is the gold silk craft rare in modern Chinese folk? Compared with the earlier Chinese curium porcelain process, why has it been uninterrupted from ancient times to the present, and there are a large number of surviving cultural relics research, this is my own understanding of the answer: the reasons are probably summarized in two. First, curium porcelain craftsman this line of ancient name nail hinge craftsman, small furnace craftsman, picking curium porcelain pick to walk the streets and alleys, is a very local and flexible profession to make a living, curium a broken porcelain bowl is only an hour of time, the charge is only dozens of dollars, the cost of repair is generally not more than half of the original ** of the item. Moreover, the curium porcelain restored vessels are also stronger and more durable to use, and do not require special treatment. On the contrary, the cycle of gold repair is very long, and the gold and silver powder used in the repair is also not consumed by ancient people, and the use of repaired utensils should be careful to pay attention to, not steaming and roasting, and too much cleaning friction will also have the phenomenon of gold removal and even cracking. Therefore, this kind of troublesome and unusable craft has lost its market in the local people, and it will not have vitality. SecondThe natural adhesive lacquer, which is relied on for the repair of gold, lacks good adhesion to high-temperature fine porcelain with a high degree of sintering. The ancient Chinese porcelain industry was developed, and both the quality of porcelain clay and even the firing technology were the best in the world, and the domestic ceramics were sintered and dense, which was more suitable for curium porcelain repair technology. Looking at Japan's native ceramic ware, due to the limitation of firing technology and the scarcity of high-quality porcelain clay, Japan's ware has more pottery and a relatively low degree of sintering.
Curium porcelain restoration process.
The domestic gold thread started late, that is, the matter of the past ten years, there is a saying on the Internet that Deng Bin, the author of "Golden Thread: Cherish the Heart of Things", was introduced, known as "the first person in China's gold thread", in 2010 when I just came into contact with lacquer art, there were few books and materials about the gold thread in China, and at that time I was exposed to more about lacquer art, lacquer painting exhibitions, information, in the later study of the gold thread process, I also had a large number of ** some Japanese goldsmiths**, as far as the current gold thread process is concerned, Japanese techniques, The forms are more abundant, and a lot of maki-e techniques are also incorporated. What about the development of the gold thread in Japan today? The gold silk culture is relatively rich and diverse in Japan, thanks to the influence of modern lacquer art in Japan, the expression techniques are diverse, the content is rich and colorful, forming many artistic styles and genres, which also has an important impact on the gold silk of today, but about 98% of the lacquer used in Japan is imported from China, and Japan is also more advanced than China in the finishing production of lacquer and lacquer art tool materials. Pear ground flour and so on, among which the gold powder has different color numbers, pill powder and other powder thickness specifications are more complicated, and in the domestic lacquer art creation, these materials can only be imported from Japan, ** is also very expensive, sometimes it is difficult to find a powder, because our market demand is very small and no one does. All of this is related to the high development of lacquerware in Japan, which still retains the habit of using lacquerware, which can be seen in many homes, rather than just as an ornament. As a small branch of lacquer art, the consumables used are all materials and tools of lacquer art, and it is hoped that the vigorous development of our local lacquer art can also promote the improvement of lacquer art materials and tools, which is very important for the development of our lacquer art.
A lacquer material tool shop in Japan.
With the rise of 4G mobile Internet, the spread of gold in China is ushered in the peak period, now it is more and more people understand and learn, with the recovery of domestic handicrafts, handmade utensils and handicrafts have gradually become a cultural hotspot and have attracted much attention, many young artists are also willing to devote themselves to the ancient and emerging handicraft of gold, but also emerged a lot of excellent gold creators. Today's gold thread craftsmanship is no longer confined to East Asia and is also popular around the world. In addition to traditional ceramic restoration, the concept of gold restoration has also been applied to other areas such as art, design and mental health. At the end of this writing, I tried to let the AI chatgpt do it for me, let's take a look at the answers it gives:
To sum up, as an ancient and charming restoration craft, the origin and development of gold thread are remarkable. Although there are many complicated discussions on the Internet about the origin of the golden thread, from the historical records and cultural relics, it is clear that the lacquer art originated in China and was developed and innovated in Japan. The rise of the gold craft and the arrival of the short ** era has a close relationship, with the spread of traditional culture and intangible cultural heritage craftsmanship on the first platform, the field of arts and crafts such as gold and other arts and crafts has gradually attracted attention. Whether it is China or Japan, the gold thread carries a profound cultural heritage and aesthetic concept, and now, the gold thread has surpassed the traditional ceramic restoration and has become an artistic expression and cultural inheritance across time and space. May the light of the golden thread shine forever, connecting the past, present and future of human civilization.