When it comes to the history of the Shang Dynasty, what do we think of at the first time? "Romance of the Gods", Jiang Taigong, King Shang, Daji. Whether it is in Sima Qian's "Historical Records" or some modern film and television works, King Su has always been an image of a faint king. Why is it said that the historical Emperor Xin Xuan is a faint king?
Since the king of Shang succeeded to the throne, he increased the taxes of the people, appointed "villains" who only knew how to obey and curry favor with themselves as ministers, making the governance chaotic, the people were not able to make a living, and also implemented strict punishment and strict lawsSent troops to Dongyi many times, causing internal strife among the ruling groupIn the end, he was crusaded by Ji Fa and others** and die.
The historical Shang kings are also becauseWine pond meat forest, chicken Si ChenWhen the stupid act has been "hacked" for a thousand years, is it really that unbearable? Maybe it's not that bad.
According to"Historical Records: Yin Benji".It is recorded that Di Xin was probably such a person:
Quick to argue, very sensitive to smell; The material strength is outstanding, and the hand is fierce; Wisdom is enough to refuse admonition, words are enough to decorate wrong, and people are able to be subordinate, and the world is voiced, thinking that they are all out of their own ranks.
This is like praising Di Xin for being a civil and military all-rounder, of courseClever and eloquentmeaning. But then another sentence followed"A good drinker and a lascivious woman."In other words, his image suddenly took a sharp turn, isn't this the merchant king we are familiar with? Don't listen to advice, be rigid and self-serving, and be extravagant, establish a "high-thousand-foot" Lutai, and live a faint image.
But as the last human emperor in history,He is also accomplished in him, for example:DongyiIssue.
During the reign of Emperor Sin, heHe attacked Dongyi many times, and beat this tribe that originally started wars every once in a while and disrupted the country's security until it surrendered, and did not dare to invade easily. But because Di Xin's elite troops were far away from the imperial city, it also gave King Wen of Zhou an opportunity to overthrow the rule of the Shang Dynasty.
What was the event that marked the demise of the time of the Emperor? Battle of Makino.
When the main army of Di Xin was attacking all over the country and the main city of Chaoge was emptyZhou Wen, Wang Jichang, Jiang Ziyaand others take the opportunity to plan,On the grounds of respecting the "Mandate of Heaven", he waged war against Di Xin.
First of all, he crusaded against the dogs, and secretly mustache in the neighboring countries of the poem to cut off the worries of the loggers. However, when all dynasties launched mutinies, they must have a suitable reason to crusade to show that they are "orthodox".
What are the reasons for King Ji of Zhou's crusade against Di Xin? According to"Shangshu Zhoushu".versionPastoral vowsDocumented:
Today, the king of Shang is accepted, but the woman's words are used, and she faints and abandons the rituals, and she answers; Fainting and leaving the king's parents and brothers are not di, but only the many sins of the Quartet escaped, whether they were worshipping or long, believing in messengers, thinking that they were doctors and ministers, tyrannical to the people, and treacherous to Shangyi. It will be issued today, but the punishment of heaven will be respected.
To put it simply, it roughly meansDi Xin listened to the words of the woman (mostly referring to Daji, but the earliest should refer to the woman surnamed the noblewoman), did not seriously worship the ancestors, did not reuse his relatives and friends, but promoted those who were guilty, Ji Fa was in accordance with the mandate of heaven to crusade against him. But in the literal sense, the king is an out-and-out faint king who indulges in beauty and forgets his ancestors and cholera people, and there is nothing wrong with his crusade.
So let's analyze it from a historical perspective, first of all"Listening to the woman" can be a matter of both light and serious. If it's from the harem of Daji, there's nothing in the simple favor, besidesDaji in history is not really a fox demon,How much Di Xin doted on her, and how many things Da Ji made Di Xin do that harmed the country and the peopleThese are more fabricated by later generations, mainly to highlight the image of Di Xin's faint monarch, and it is impossible to test how it really is.
But if it is a woman who participates in politics with a woman's surname, then the king is really wronged. Because in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, women's participation in politics was not uncommon, such as women represented by women and Wang Jiang were also famous historical figuresThey participated in the government and politics, and even led troops to fight, participated in ancestral sacrifices and other activities, and also achieved outstanding historical achievements in the branch.
In this respect, the "listener to women's words" of the Emperor is a fair person who respects the political status and opinions of women. However, in the era of advocating the superiority of men and the inferiority of women, there are many people who do not look down on women and regard them as accessories"Chicken Si Chen".It has also become a landmark statement against women's participation in politics, not to mention King Wu of Zhou, who has the order of "cutting merchants"? The "women's words" here have become the words of Daji's harem.
Secondly,Historically, what were the sacrificial activities of the Shang period? To put it simply, yesHuman sacrifice.
The sacrificial activities of the Shang and Zhou dynasties were for the gods or ancestors. In addition to the sacrificial activities that commemorate the ancestors, which are considered fixed days, there are many other sacrificial matters, such as sacrifices when the weather is abnormal; It's time for war, sacrifice; Ask God to ask for a hexagram and sacrifice.
What are the main offerings? Livestock such as pigs, horses, elephants are more common, but at the same time,There is also a type of sacrifice called a "human animal", that is, a living person.
According to modern excavations of Shang Dynasty bronzes and oracle bone inscriptions,The Shang Dynasty had a high level of worship for the gods, and sacrifices often chose to use slaves captured from the enemy in war as sacrificial objects. InDuring the period of "Renjun" Shang King Wuding, there were more than 9,000 people and animals used for sacrifice; YetDuring the reign of Emperor Xin, due to the decrease in sacrificial activities, the number of human and animal was not more than 100. That's a bit subtle.
And then there's the so-calledDo not value relatives and nobles, and appoint sinners. This is actually like a crime of desire, because no one can be sure that the descendants of the so-called noble and noble eunuch families must be usable talents, of course, laterBecause of some unreasonable governance problems, the people are dissatisfiedThis may also be a disadvantage of his use of people, such as several ministers who have been registered in historyFei Lian, Evil Lai, Fei Zhong, ZuojiangWait.
And finallytyrannical people,It's really impossible to explain the reason for this in history. During the reign of Emperor Xin, Shang's rule already had many problems, and he did it laterThe war against Dongyi for many years has almost never been interrupted. This led to a serious and long-term tax burden on the people, coupled with his own great joy and extravagance, which inevitably caused dissatisfaction.
It is said that the merits and demerits of history are commented on by later generations, the poets of the Tang DynastyLi BaiZeng wrote a poem, mentioning the king of Shang and expressing some personal opinions:
Da has been destroyed, and the girl is confused. The sky is overthrown, and the reason for this is the job. - Excerpt from Snow Slander Poems for Friends.This is also the biggest reason for Shang's demise on Daji, which is actually a biased idea from today's point of view.
Personally, I think there is a sentence that makes a lot of sense:If you are not a person in the game, don't talk about things in the game. If you want to talk about the rights and wrongs of a thing, in fact, even the people in the play may not be able to tell clearly, let alone outsiders who are far away or even separated by several generations?
"Historical Records".has been praised for thousands of years"The swan song of the historian, the rhyme of the separation", is almost regarded as an absolute official history, which cannot be refuted. Later generations of literati gradually became the key figures in recording and evaluating history, and under the succession of several dynasties, there are still many histories that are the same or similar to the real situation without mainstream views, and none of us can study it.
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