Looking back on the Qing Dynasty Although the Qing Dynasty was bullied in the late Qing Dynasty and signed a treaty that humiliated the country, we cannot ignore its former glory. The Qing Dynasty did not decline all the time, it had the Kangqian Dynasty, which was the peak of the Qing Dynasty and one of the most glorious eras in Chinese history.
At that time, the Qing Dynasty had extremely strong combat effectiveness, and the land area reached an astonishing 13.16 million square kilometers, which was more than 3 million square kilometers larger than now.
All these achievements are inseparable from the outstanding contributions of the three emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. In particular, the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned for 60 years, brought the Qing Dynasty's land area to a historical peak.
Let's look back on this history and feel the glory and glory of the Qing Dynasty.
Emperor Qianlong was the emperor who actually held the supreme power for the longest time in Chinese history, and on the basis of the governance of Kangxi and Yongzheng, he successfully completed the unification of the multi-ethnic state, and in the process, he resolutely decided to send an army of 50,000 to the north, and successfully incorporated a huge territory in a short period of time, making a great contribution to the growth of China's land area.
So, how did Emperor Qianlong do it?This area that was included in the Qing Dynasty is in **?
Founded by the Manchurian aristocracy, the Qing Dynasty inherited the territory and policies of the Ming Dynasty and maintained friendly relations with ethnic minorities. However, there were always contradictions between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate.
Dzungaria is located in the Ili River valley region, and the Dzungars have a strong military power, especially good at mounted archery. In their heyday, they were even able to compete with the Qing Dynasty.
It can be said that during the hundreds of years of Qing rule, Dzungaria was their most troublesome minority regime. Since the Kangxi period, the imperial court has had the idea of pacifying Dzungaria.
However, this process took seventy years, and it was not until the Qianlong period that the land of Dzungaria was finally incorporated into the Chinese territory. The geographical location of Junggar is special, located on the edge of the Central Plains mainland.
Since ancient times, the Central Plains Dynasty has not strictly controlled this area, lacking continuous personnel and institutional management. In 1678, Dzungaria began to expand outward, conquering the Kazakh Khanate and accumulating war capital.
Next, they headed south to prepare for an invasion of the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the Kangxi Emperor had just recovered Taiwan and threw himself into the battle of the northern battlefield. After Declaring war on the Qing Dynasty, Galdan continued to invade Mongolia and Qinghai, forcing the Mongol tribes to attack the Qing Dynasty.
By 1690 AD, Galdan's forces had threatened the Forbidden City.
The Kangxi Emperor personally conquered Galdan in an attempt to stop their expansion, but the difference in strength was too great, leading to the continuation of local wars. It was not until Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne that he successfully pacified Dzungaria and incorporated it into the Chinese territory.
Emperor Kangxi's eldest son, Galdan, left behind three sons, but in the struggle for the throne, they attacked each other, causing civil strife. Years later, Namzar relied on his mother's strength to successfully overthrow his brother and ascend to the throne.
However, Namzar was still young when he ascended the throne, so his mother and sister were largely in charge of the government. However, Namzar had a rebellious personality and often got into arguments over disobedience to his sister's discipline, which caused dissatisfaction among the ministers of the court.
His elder brother Darza later conspired with his ministers to usurp the throne and succeeded in overthrowing Namzar's throne and becoming the new ruler himself.
Emperor Darza of Qianlong was resolute and determined, and he did whatever it took to achieve his goal, and after he ascended the throne, he quickly eliminated dissidents and decisively executed many powerful ministers, causing Dzungaria to fall into civil strife.
In order to escape the war, the ministers of the Dzungar Dynasty defected to the Qing Dynasty one after another. Since his accession to the throne, Emperor Qianlong has been closely following the development of the northwest region. After learning the news that many generals in Dzungaria had surrendered to Chengcheng, he decided to take advantage of the civil strife in Dzungaria to attack the northwest and solve this serious problem.
Although some people in the court objected, believing that now was not the best time to attack, the Qianlong Emperor insisted on his own opinion, and sent 50,000 troops, 170,000 horses, and 20,000 camels to the north in the 20th year of Qianlong.
Emperor Qianlong judged the situation and coincided with the disintegration of the Dzungar army and its inability to compete with the imperial court, and the Qing army won easily. The common people of the Ili region suffered from the wars provoked by the aristocracy, and there was a growing discontent with the ruling class, and there was a lack of concerted action against the Qing attack.
The Qing Dynasty was good at understanding public opinion and actively implementing the policy of preferential treatment for the people, which won the recognition of the people of Dzungaria, and also won the support of the surrounding herdsmen and people of all ethnic groups in the process of unifying the northwest of the Qing Dynasty.
In the war against Dawazi, the Qing army received enthusiastic support from the local people. The people along the street even took the initiative to take out cheese and sheep and horses to greet the Qing army, expressing their resolute support for the Qing army.
As one of the main forces of the Dzungar army, Dawazi has always made the Qing army feel jealous. However, they made serious mistakes in this war and surrendered without resistance.
Before the outbreak of war, they fled separately. After eliminating Dawazi's forces, Emperor Qianlong pursued the victory and continued to attack Dzungaria. In order to thank the Dzungar generals who contributed to this war, he promised them the best blessings, sealing Cheling as Dulbert Khan, Amur Sana as Huit Khan, Banjul as Heshut Khan, etc., in order to win the hearts of the people.
Emperor Qianlong was supposed to submit to the Qing Dynasty, but after his surrender, Amur Sana refused to submit to the control, set up his own door, and plotted rebellion. He proclaimed himself the chief khan in Dzungaria, cultivated his own power, and did not even wear official uniforms, did not accept the official seals and honors granted by the Qing Dynasty, but continued to use the official seals and documents of Dzungaria, and transferred troops in the Kazakh border area.
All this made the Qianlong Emperor deeply worried, and in order to completely eradicate this hidden danger, he personally issued an edict inviting Amursa to be included in the Hajj, intending to completely eradicate him and his wings after he came to the mainland.
Faced with a sudden mutiny, the Qianlong Emperor sent a new army to Ili. He used his wisdom and reason to quickly occupy many cities, showing great combat effectiveness.
However, due to the continuous rebellion within Dzungaria and the ravages of the plague, it took only four months for the Qing army to successfully reach Ili and directly attack the garrison of Amur Sana without shedding a single drop.
In September of the 22nd year of Qianlong, Amur Sana died of illness at the age of 35. His death stabilized the situation in Dzungaria and paved the way for the Qing army's Kashgar counterinsurgency operations.
After that, the Qing army successfully pacified the rebellious regime, completely pacified the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, ended the decades-long situation in the northwest region, and further strengthened its control over the Xinjiang region.
After Emperor Qianlong successfully quelled the Junggar rebellion and unified the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, he named this land Xinjiang and officially incorporated it into the Chinese territory. He learned from the lessons of the previous dynasty's contempt for the northern region, which led to its own self-exile, and especially established the Ili Protectorate in Xinjiang to manage local affairs.
At the same time, he also implemented an immigration policy to encourage people of other ethnic groups to move to Xinjiang and accelerate the sinicization of ethnic minorities. In order to ensure the security of Xinjiang, he also sent a large number of soldiers to be stationed in the northern region and set up military posts on the border to prevent the encroachment of neighboring countries.
The wisdom of Emperor Qianlong was fully demonstrated in this battle of Dzungaria. He not only demonstrated the military strength of the Qing Dynasty, but also used ingenious means, both soft and hard, and successfully achieved the unification of Dzungaria.
First of all, the Qianlong Emperor continued to send strong troops to settle in, which had a strong deterrent effect on the internal regime of Dzungaria. With his iron hand, he severely punished the leaders of the rebellion, and effectively disintegrated the internal power of Dzungaria.
Second, the Qianlong Emperor also used religious and economic power to help the people of Outer Mongolia. He used reason and emotion to win people's hearts and minds, and won their support.
In the end, although Dzungaria had been pacified, Emperor Qianlong still gave certain policy preferences to the local people. He abolished the serfdom system practiced before the Dzungar nomadic feudal aristocracy, liberated a large number of poor peasants, and promoted the economic development and agricultural development of the western frontier region.
Under his leadership, the wasteland in the western region has been reclaimed and productivity has been steadily improved. In general, the wisdom and means of Emperor Qianlong played an important role in this battle of Dzungaria.
His success not only demonstrated the Qing Dynasty's military might, but also demonstrated his leadership and strategic wisdom.
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he actively promoted the cultivation of tuntian fields and herdsmen in Xinjiang, and by 1775, Xinjiang's agriculture, industry and commerce had made great progress.
In order to better manage this region, the imperial court also opened a coinage bureau in Xinjiang and minted a large number of Qianlong Tongbao, which further strengthened the influence of the Central Plains Dynasty in the western region.
In addition, the Qianlong Emperor also used force to force Burma to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty, and repeatedly sent troops to the southwest region to defend the integrity of the country's territory.
Emperor Qianlong was a geopolitical genius who successfully incorporated the Western Regions into the territory of the Qing Dynasty, put down the Dzungar rebellion, and proclaimed national prestige, so that the surrounding regions made overtures to China and became a vassal state of China, which brought great benefits to China.
Under his rule, China achieved a multi-ethnic and multi-geographical unification, demonstrating its great strength. However, the glory of the Qing Dynasty did not last for a hundred years, and powerful enemies from the west eventually overthrew this powerful dynasty.