During the Qing Dynasty, through the expansion of the territory of the three generations of emperors of Kang Yongqian, the territory reached its peak in 1760 after the pacification of Dzungaria. In its heyday, it stretched from Sakhalin Island in the east, to the Green Mountains in the west, to the dark sands of Zengmu in the south, to the Outer Khingan Mountains in the north, to Lake Balkhash in the northwest, and to Sakhalin Island in the northeast, with a total area of more than 13 million square kilometers.
After the outbreak of the Opium War, the Western powers knocked on the door of the empire with strong ships and cannons, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign a number of unequal treaties that humiliated the country, and ceded large territories such as the Outer Northeast, the Outer Northwest, and the Ryukyus. By the late Qing Dynasty in 1908, the territory had shrunk to 11.35 million square kilometers.
1820 Qing Dynasty Territory @ Map Emperor.
The loss of the Outer Northwest
Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has lived and multiplied in the Outer Northwest Region, and has carried out effective long-term management of this area during the Western Han Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was once again included in the Chinese territory, the Yuan Dynasty was the Mongol Chagatai Khanate, and the Qing Dynasty was again included in the Chinese territory, most of the eastern part belonged to China's Xinjiang, and the western part was the Kazakh Khanate, a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty.
Outer Northwest Lost Territorial Extent.
The loss of a large part of the territory outside the northwest made the following
1.As a result, the administrative center of Xinjiang was relocated, from Ili to Dihua.
2.China lost a large area of land south of Lake Balkhash and the Kyrgyz Mountains, and the border was directly drawn in the last mountain pass by the ** people, and the Balkhash Lake in the northwest, the Kyrgyz Mountains and the Pamir Plateau are the best barriers to block the invasion of the outside world, and after losing these barriers, the current western border of China is extremely easy to penetrate, with the most serious near Kashgar.
3.As a result, China lost Lake Balkhash, Zaisangbo, Issyk-Kul Lake, Alahu Lake, Songkel Lake, Susserkor Lake, Markakol Lake, Chartrek Lake, Kara Lake and other water sources, Tsarist Russia was still not satisfied after cutting off Balkhash Lake and Issyk-Kul Lake in 1864, and also cut off Zaisangpo through the revision of the treaty, and now Xinjiang is far from many water sources in the northwest and also passing by, which is not much different from the Tumen River estuary.
Topography of the Ili River Valley.
4.China has lost half of the Ili River Valley, the Trans-Ili River Valley, the Chu River Valley, the Talas River Valley and many other river valley areas, especially the half of the Ili River Valley is now one of the most densely populated areas in Kazakhstan, and the Almaty of the Trans-Ili River Valley is the former capital of Kazakhstan, and the complete Ili River Valley Seven River Basins will be China's best support point in Xinjiang.
5.As a result, China lost the Pamirs, a very important commanding height, and now Russia still has a division in Tajikistan.
6.The Broken Leaf City in Li Bai's birthplace is now the Tokmak of Kyrgyzstan, and the ruins of the Broken Leaf City in the Tang Dynasty and the Qianlong Jigong Monument in the Qing Dynasty are still in the outer northwest, and in addition, the capital of Western Liao in history, Hu Sihu's ear, is located in the outer northwest.
The city of Broken Leaf on the territory of Kyrgyzstan.
7.As a result, China has lost the Wakhan Corridor, an important passageway, and now only a quarter of the Wakhan Corridor is in China.
8.In addition, the cession of the Altanzor Ulianghai Second Banner in the northernmost part of the Outer Northwest and the Tangnu Ulianghai Ten Territories allowed Russia to climb the Altai Mountains from the northwest and enter the Mongolian Plateau.
The loss of the Outer Northeast
Outer Northeast refers to a total of more than 1 million square kilometers of land including the north of the Heilongjiang River, the south of the Trans-Khingan Mountains (Stanov Mountains), between the Udi River and the Trans-Khingan Mountains, east of the Ussuri River, and offshore islands such as Sakhalin Island and Gebutt Island (Chantal Islands). This area has more than 1,000 former Chinese place names, which have basically been gradually abolished by Russia.
The loss of a large part of the territory outside the northeast made the following
1.So far, the mouth of the Tumen River is only 15 kilometers away from the coast of the Sea of Japan, and the northeast is only three kilometers away from the mouth of the Sea of Japan.
2.As a result, China has lost Sakhalin, the largest island in the past, and has lost a sharp sword hanging over Japan's head.
Outer Northeast Topography.
3.China has lost half of its Northeast Plains and countless arable land.
4.China has lost a huge amount of resources, and the Outer Northeast region is rich in oil, timber, flora and fauna, fisheries, mineral resources, and the Sakha oil and gas fields are now being exported by Russia to Japan to make money.
5.As a result, China has lost the northern gate of the Outer Khing'an Mountains, and the current Sino-Russian border is bounded by a river, and on both sides of the river is the Sanjiang Plain.
6.After the Outer Northeast was ceded, the ** people made Hailan Pao and Jiangdong 64 Tunda**, and Stalin once again purged the Far East Chinese in the thirties.
7.The Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River have become borders from inland rivers, otherwise the Heilongjiang River will be the largest river in China, with an area of 18550,000 square kilometers is larger than the 1.8 million square kilometers of the Yangtze River basin, and since the Heilongjiang River has become a border, the river navigation industry that can be navigated has been completely abandoned.
8.After the outer northeast was ceded, Tsarist Russia referred to the deer as a horse in the process of demarcating the Xingkai Lake, so that the surface of the Xingkai Lake, which should have belonged to China, was demarcated into one-fifth, and 7,200 square kilometers of land were lost again along with the land around the lake.
Xingkai Lake Boundary Survey.
9.The cession of the Outer Northeast caused many historical relics to be taken away by Russia, the most typical is the Yongning Temple monument erected by the Ming Dynasty Nuer Gandusi at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River, as well as a large number of historical relics related to the Bohai Kingdom.
Independence of Outer Mongolia
In 1921, with the support of Soviet Russia, Outer Mongolia declared independence from China, established the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, and most of the Tangnu-Ulianghai region under its jurisdiction was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944. In 1946, China was forced to admit foreign affairs
Comparison of the administrative divisions of Outer Mongolia between the present and the past.
The independence of Outer Mongolia made the following:
1.Having lost its enormous strategic depth, spanning nearly two million square kilometers of land across northern China, there was a world of difference between attacking Beijing from the Russian border across Mongolia and attacking Beijing from the Mongolian border. If Outer Mongolia is still there, Beijing's security posture will be greatly improved, and China will not have to be so afraid of tens of thousands of tanks going straight to Beijing when China and the Soviet Union are at odds. At least so many roads, even running at full speed will take several days, and the reaction time will be much longer than it is now.
2.The nature of the Yuan dynasty is difficult to define, and the reincarnation system of Tibetan Buddhism is incomplete. The integrity of the entire Chinese history and culture is missing a large chunk. The Mongolian Plateau is an important part of Chinese history, and almost the vast majority of Chinese history is the struggle between the Mongolian Plateau and the Central Plains.
Besides, the independence of Outer Mongolia has undoubtedly opened an incision for China's possible continuation in the future, and the positioning of the Mongolian nationality in Inner Mongolia will also be greatly disturbed. Genghis Khan's birthplace, like Li Bai, has since become a foreign country, Mongolia and **, Xinjiang, Manchuria were equal under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and were inherited as a whole by **, a republic of five ethnic groups. If Mongolia can become independent, why can't the other three? Manchuria has undergone a decisive change in its population because of the invasion of the eastern part of the country, so there is no longer a threat of independence, but the reason why Xinjiang has made such a big fuss until now, and the independence of Outer Mongolia, I think there is also a large part of the reason.
3.Outer Mongolia is extremely rich in mineral resources, especially copper ore resources, and China's bullet is short of copper, Outer Mongolia has discovered and determined to have more than 80 kinds of minerals, more than 800 mining areas and more than 8,000 mining points, among them, copper ore reserves of more than 2 billion tons, ** reserves of 3,400 tons, coal reserves of 300 billion tons, oil reserves of 8 billion barrels, iron ore reserves of 2 billion tons, fluorite deposits of 28 million tons, phosphate reserves of 200 million tons, molybdenum reserves of 240,000 tons, zinc ore reserves of 60,000 tons, Silver ore reserves of 7,000 tons, etc.
4.As a result, the Soviet Union was free to completely annex the Tangnu-Ulianghai as an enclave, and China still lacks confidence in this territory that has not been ceded by any treaty.
Tangnu Ulianghai Location @ Geo Valley.
5.The independence of Outer Mongolia is China's eternal national humiliation, and it is the largest loss of land in China's 5,000-year history, and the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance surpasses the Aihui Treaty, which is the treaty with the most land cedes, and the loss of foreign land exceeds the sum of the land ceded in the late Qing Dynasty 70 years.
6.In the process of foreign affairs, 100,000 Han people doing business in Mongolia, the most typical incident was the Outer Mongolian rebels who captured the city of Kobdo when they created Kobdo, this time, the western part of Outer Mongolia, which was originally opposed to independence, was no longer pro-China, and it was Tsarist Russia that blocked the reinforcements sent to Kobdo from Xinjiang that led to the fall of Kobdo.
7.Isolated from the northeast of China to the northwest of the connecting channel, the Qing Dynasty period of China's northeast to the northwest of a path is through Outer Mongolia, Qianlong period Xibe people westward migration to Xinjiang is the road, the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang in addition to the Hexi corridor there is also a line is to take Zhangjiakou, Kulun, Uriya Sutai, Kobdo, Altai line, in 1862 Tsarist Russia along the Qihe region invaded the northwest due to the chaos of the Hexi corridor can not send troops to support Xinjiang, reinforcements are from Outer Mongolia, Wai *** It has caused a large depression in northern China, seriously undermining China's geopolitical integrity.
Darigang Love Ranch Location.
8.After the Outer Mongolian Army, the Outer Mongolian rebels continued to invade the south with the support of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, occupying the Dali Gangai Ranch that originally belonged to Inner Mongolia, and provoked the Battle of Beita Mountain on the border of Xinjiang.
9.Like the monument of Yongning Temple in the Outer Northeast and the monument of Qianlong Jigong in the Outer Northwest, the independence of Outer Mongolia also made the place where the inscription of Feng Yanran Mountain, which symbolizes the stone of Yanran, become a foreign country.
Finally, I end this article with a song by Xi Murong "Tangnu Wulianghai":
Far above the sea.
Lying quietly on the plateau.
The lake is as clear as a chrysanthemum.
Under the Sayan Mountains we are lost.
Kusugubo. Silver and gold that have been taken away by others.
We're going to scream and get it back.
Horses that have been taken by someone else.
We'll ride faster horses.
I went and grabbed it back.
Tang Nu Ulianghai, who was easily taken away by others.
How have I never heard of a descendant ever been?
Shed a tear for her?