Beautiful articles such as mountains and flowing water, such as clear pond hibiscus, such as sweet wine, Yiyang spring and white snow, the most refreshing, soothing people's hearts.
How to write a good essay, ancient and modern Chinese and foreign literary creators and literary theorists are exploring the experience and rules of writing.
Rodin's "On Art" said: Don't blindly imitate, blind imitation will only lose the soul, literature must be based on the premise of creation.
The American "Reader's Digest" advocates: The first element of the article is to write clearly, accurately, and with the most popular ideas.
The Soviet writer Baustovsky said: "Use less adverbs, basically no adjectives".
Lao She said: "Three words may be very powerful, but the power of five words is reduced by half. ”
The above proposition is a certain aspect of the discussion of literary masters.
Liu Xian, a literary theorist of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, wrote his literary theory work "Wenxin Carving the Dragon. In the article, the principles of writing are elaborated, which clears the fog for literary writing and points out the path for the advancement of composition.
1. "Wenxin Carving Dragon." Appendix Interpretation:
"Attached" is the forty-third article of "Wenxin Carving Dragon". The "attached" of "attached" is the treatment of the form of expression, so that the words are integrated into the meaning; "Hui" is the treatment of content, that is, the synthesis of the meaning of the text into a whole.
Liu Xian's in "Wenxin Carving Dragon. In the Appendix, an important principle of literary writing is to expound that the ideological content is the core of the theme of the article, and the form of rhetoric is to serve it, and it is necessary to focus on handling the relationship between content and form.
Wenxin carved dragon. The first part of the book is on the necessity of "annexation" in writing and its basic principles; The second part discusses the method of "seconding" and the complications that should be noted; Clause.
The third and fourth parts discuss the role of "annexation".
Throughout the article, Liu Xian's essay discusses how to master the method of "attaching meetings" in literary writing, how to harmonize the idea of the article, the expression of the diction and the layout of the text, and how to coordinate the content and form.
2. Translation of "Wenxin Carving Dragon: Supplementary Meeting" by Liu Xian, Northern and Southern Dynasties.
1) What is meant by "Attachment"? It refers to synthesizing the whole article, making the article coherent from beginning to end, deciding what to write and what not to write, integrating all parts and organizing them into a whole, so that although the content is complex, the level is still very clear. It's like building a house with the foundation and structure to pay attention to, and sewing is indispensable for making clothes.
Talented young people learning to write should correct the system of writing. It must be based on the author's thoughts and feelings, like the nerve center of people; secondly, the material that embodies its thoughts and feelings, like the bones of the human body; Again, it is rhetoric and literary brilliance, like human muscles**; Finally, there are the tonal syllables of the text, like the human voice.
Clarify these points, and then, like a painter arranging colors and musicians arranging syllables, choose what is suitable and delete what is not, in order to do it just right: this is the universal law of conception and writing.
Generally speaking, the article is like a tree with many branches and leaves, and a river with many tributaries; The tributaries must be arranged according to the main stream of the river, and the branches and leaves must be arranged according to the main trunk of the trees.
Therefore, in terms of writing, the words and content of the work should also be outlined, and many different ways will be combined into one path, so as to unify all kinds of different thoughts; Although the content is rich but not reversed, the words are numerous but not chaotic.
Some of the articles should stand out, like trees spreading their branches in the sun; Some should be omitted, like trees converging in the shade.
In short, it is necessary to make the whole text complete and thorough from beginning to end, and the content and form are tightly integrated into a whole: this is the so-called "secondary" method.
However, if the painter's portrait only pays attention to the hair, it will distort the appearance; If the shooter only sees a small point, he will not notice a large wall. Therefore, one inch should be given up to pay attention to one foot, and one foot should be given up to stretch eight feet;
In other words, it is necessary to sacrifice the smallness of the text in favor of the overall merit: this is the main method of creation.
2) The changes in the work are not certain, and the writer's mind and opinions are more complicated; If you say it too simply, the content is easy to be thin; If there is too much to say, the rhetoric will not be coherent; If the writing is sloppy, there will be many problems; But too much hesitation can be harmful.
And everyone's talents are different, and their ideas are also different; Some can be coherent from beginning to end, while others are patchwork together; It's a pity that there are very few authors who can get through the whole thing, and there are many authors who piece it together sentence by sentence.
If the article does not have a center of gravity, the meaning of the words will be messy; If the context of the content is not smooth, the whole work will be sluggish and inflexible.
It is necessary to understand the principles of writing in order to achieve the natural convergence of syllables and style, just as glue can bind wood, and beans can match the spleen. So, the four horses have different forces, but in the hands of a man who can drive, the six reins can be like the harmony of the strings; The different wheels move forward, and the spokes all belong to the hub.
The approach to mastering writing is similar. Whether to choose or give is determined by the author's heart; More or less, it's all in the hands of the author. As long as you control the general reins, you can keep the pace in unison.
3) Therefore, a person who is good at arranging words can connect irrelevant things as closely as liver and gall bladder; But a person who is not good at arranging content will write about things that are originally related to each other as unrelated to each other as Hu and Yue. Sometimes it's more difficult to revise a paragraph than to write the whole thing, and it's more troublesome to change a word than to rewrite a sentence, which has been proven by experience.
For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Tang wrote a chapter, but it was repeatedly returned; During the Three Kingdoms, Yu Song wrote a chapter list, but he was reprimanded several times: that was because the reasoning and things he spoke were not clear enough, and the words and intentions were not coordinated.
Later, Ni Kuan rewrote for Zhang Tang, and Zhong Hui changed a few words on behalf of Yu Song, so Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was particularly impressed by Zhang Tang's changes, and Sima Shi, King of Jin Jing, was also very satisfied with Zhong Hui's changes: that was because the truth was properly stated, things were clearly written, and the writing was sharp and the sentences were proper.
From this point of view, I know whether I am good at "attaching to the meeting", which is so far away in writing! As for the refinement of the text, it is like rowing an oar on a boat; Matching the content with words is like pulling the reins to swing a whip. It must be successfully arranged throughout in order to express itself deeply and far.
If the beginning is well written, but the rest is too far away, then the momentum of the end of the work will be suffocated, and the appeal of the work will not be fully developed.
This is just like what is said in "Zhou Yi Hexagram": "If there is no flesh on the buttocks, you will not walk fast." Only when the whole article echoes from beginning to end, can it be said that the arrangement of words and content has reached the highest level.
4) In short, it is not easy to arrange the chapters comprehensively, and the types of content are very complex. The author must arrange every branch and leaf properly from beginning to end; As long as the content is properly arranged, the thoughts will naturally be coherent. Just as the music must be harmonious, so must the words of the author's heart be harmonized.
3. Attached to the ancient text "Wenxin Carving Dragon." Appendix
Omitted) ** from the Internet).