In addition to recalling Sino-Soviet exchanges during the Soviet period, when talking to reporters about the lessons learned from his past administration, Gorbachev said meaningfully:
"Here, I would like to give a solemn advice to my Chinese friends......”
In the early 80s of the 20th century, it was the latter part of Brezhnev's rule, and at this time, many problems of Soviet society began to manifest themselves.
Social efficiency has slowed down sharply, and people's enthusiasm for labor has been greatly reduced.
In April 1985, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union made statistics on the current economy of the Soviet Union, and found that in the food industry, which was urgently needed by the people, manual labor accounted for 60%, which was about 70% less efficient than that of Western countries.
Agriculture, which is not wealthy, also has a very high rate of loss, with 30% of agricultural raw materials and 100,000 tons of livestock lost every year.
Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. From 1979 to 1982, agricultural production in the Soviet Union declined for four consecutive years, and until 1985 it was not effectively controlled, and the rate of grain imports in the Soviet Union increased year by year.
All this proves that huge problems were already in the Soviet economy at that time. Everyone is also aware that a profound reform is imminent.
In April 1985, at the April Plenum of the CPSU, Gorbachev proposed an "accelerated development strategy.""It was written into the revised draft of the Soviet Union, marking the official opening of Gorbachev's reforms.
This perestroika began in the economic sphere of the Soviet Union, which was already exposed to huge problems.
At that time, informatization and automation technology were being smoothly developed in Western countries, and Gorbachev believed that this was a good medicine to improve the economic efficiency of the Soviet Union, so when formulating economic reform policies, he mainly focused on scientific and technological progress and social productivity.
However, Gorbachev focused his reforms on heavy industry, but did not pay attention to light industry and agriculture, which helped to improve people's living standards.
The Soviet Union already had a strong base for heavy industry, and the reforms led to a significant improvement in the situation of heavy industry. Such a situation made Gorbachev misjudge the economy.
In March 1986, the Soviet Union formulated the basic policy for economic and social development for the period 1986-2000
"By the end of the 20th century, national income had doubled, and labor productivity had increased by 1About 5 times, the per capita energy consumption is reduced by 50%, and the total consumption is reduced by 50%. ”
From this it can be seen that the basis on which Gorbachev made such a judgment was still the seemingly "booming" heavy industry.
In essence, however, the economic reform of the Soviet Union was still a minor repair to the system of the past, and it was difficult to fundamentally solve the problem.
Sure enough, soon after, the Soviet Union's heavy industry was weakened, the decline of light industry and agriculture continued, the people's lives gradually became difficult, and social contradictions became more acute.
On the other hand, Gorbachev's reform measures were also met with great local resistance.
Some localities are worried that the reform will take away their rights, so they go against the reform measures, which has further aggravated the local contradictions.
Gorbachev's economic reforms were thus declared bankrupt. In his view, the reason for the failure of economic reform was the existing political system in the Soviet Union.
In 1988, Gorbachev wrote in a memorandum: "We realize that it is necessary to carry out a fundamental reform of the system itself, which should be based on other ideological views, the basis of which is the idea of social democracy." ”
So from 1989 onwards, he officially promoted his own political system reform with great fanfare. Perhaps Gorbachev did not realize that the political reforms he introduced were tantamount to a blow to the Soviet Union next to the fire pit.
The direction of Gorbachev's political reform was the total westernization of politics, the adoption of the ** system and parliamentary politics, and the slogans of "openness and democratization".
Under the influence of this thinking, democratically elected political parties have sprung up everywhere.
In February 1990, Gorbachev proposed a resolution to amend the constitution, abolishing the legal leadership of the CPSU over state power.
Ironically, it was in this year that Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Finally, on the night of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev made a televised speech in which he officially announced the cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union.
The drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union have brought about the collapse of a large socialist country that has lasted for nearly 70 years, bringing infinite embarrassment and shock to the world.
Even after more than thirty years, the ashes of the USSR are still burning.
The consequences of the reforms, both economic and political, on the Soviet Union were deep and widespread. But what could directly lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union was more of Gorbachev's mistake in the direction of political reform.
In Gorbachev's political reforms, the first clear direction was to realize the "people's self-government system."
In terms of specific methods, there have also been cases of returning land to peasants and factories to workers, so as to stimulate the enthusiasm of workers and peasants for production.
But with the deepening of political reform, the chaos in the country has become difficult to control.
In order to prevent the reform from being reversed, Gorbachev began to seek to establish a Western institutional structure such as the first system, the separation of powers, the parliamentary system, and the first system, and called it "humane and democratic socialism."
This approach was not only reasonable in Gorbachev's view, but even the Western society at that time was generally optimistic, and some people were even optimistic that the Soviet Union had finally embarked on the road of democracy completely.
However, Gorbachev's idea of "democratization" ignores the restrictions imposed by the social conditions on the development of democracy, and at the same time ignores the objective laws of democratic construction.
The construction of real democracy requires a long and complex process, and this process is destined to be difficult, and it is by no means as simple and direct as Gorbachev thought.
However, speaking realistically, the democratic reform led by Gorbachev also reflects the historical demand of the Soviet people to break the centralization of power and return government to the people, and it is of a certain progressive nature.
However, Gorbachev failed to notice the necessity of insisting on proletarian democracy and the development of socialism when it was not yet perfect.
Democracy is a very broad word, and it is very dangerous to put forward "democracy" one-sidedly while ignoring the current stage of social development and the class nature of democracy.
Under the influence of this trend of thought, according to statistics in 1990, there were tens of thousands of "non-** organizations" in the Soviet Union, and the ** system has become a fact.
At the Third National People's Congress held in March of the same year, the Soviet Union adopted an amendment to Article 6 of the Constitution, which reduced the CPSU to the same social organization as other political parties.
Since 1990, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia have declared themselves national sovereignty.
At this time, the CPSU had given up its absolute leadership over the country, coupled with Gorbachev's indecision in handling the matter, which was tantamount to fueling local ** forces.
Since then, Russia, Kazakhstan and other countries have declared independence and established the Commonwealth of Independent States. Gorbachev's democratic reforms finally ended with the complete destruction of the CPSU and the Soviet Union.
In just six years, the CPSU has become a burial object of Gorbachev's reforms, which did not bring democracy, but buried Soviet socialism.
By the time Gorbachev carried out reforms to the Soviet Union, China had already begun the process of reform and opening up.
Historically, the Soviet Union gave great help to New China in the 50s, not only helping China build its industrial base, but also making efforts to help China build up its national defense.
But by the end of the 70s, both China and the Soviet Union had actually reached a major juncture in history.
From a personal point of view, it has always been Gorbachev's long-cherished wish to visit the old and young China.
With the joint efforts of China and the Soviet Union, in May 1989, Gorbachev began his only visit to China as a Soviet leader.
Gorbachev's visit to China is also an event of great significance for China.
On May 15, Gorbachev's plane arrived in Beijing, and immediately delivered a rather friendly speech, in which he specifically mentioned:
"There is a famous saying in both China and the Soviet Union that 'it is better to see than to hear', and I have already heard of China's reform, and I am here today for this 'first sight'. ”
In the talks with China, in addition to talking about many historical issues, the two sides also put forward their own views on the reform process of China and the Soviet Union.
Combined with the lessons and lessons of the 100-year international communist movement, ** said: "There is no fixed model for socialist construction, and it is impossible to have one, and the conformist viewpoint can only lead to backwardness and even failure." ”
Gorbachev was deeply convinced of this.
Limited by the conditions at that time, Rao Gorbachev was quite interested in China's reform and opening up, but he still could not visit various parts of China, which has to be said to be a major regret of Gorbachev's visit to China.
However, it is gratifying to note that the visit to Huawei marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations, but only two years later, the Soviet Union collapsed.
After Gorbachev retired, he never had the ability to come back to China, and there was no need to come back to China. However, Gorbachev has been paying attention to China's reform and opening up from the news.
In 2006, the reporter of "Global People" interviewed Gorbachev, in addition to recalling the Sino-Soviet exchanges during the Soviet period, Gorbachev also put forward a word of advice for China's reform and opening up.
He said sincerely: "My advice to my Chinese friends is: Don't engage in any kind of 'democratization', that will not lead to good results!" Don't let the situation go haywire, stability comes first. ”
Clearly, Gorbachev also realized that the democratic reforms he proposed were the last straw that broke the Soviet Union, and he still regretted it 15 years after its collapse.
However, he has never seen through the fact that upholding the party's leadership and practicing democratization are not two things that conflict with each other, and China is gradually strengthening its democratic system in the process of reform and opening up.
The root of all this lies in the fact that the Communist Party of China is a political party that serves the people wholeheartedly, the foundation of the party is the people, and the party always represents the vital interests of the people and strives to improve the people's living standards.
For China, reform and opening up is only a means to achieve people's happiness.
Now that 45 years have passed since the reform and opening up, the living standards of the Chinese people have already undergone earth-shaking changes. Upholding the party's leadership and socialist democracy is an important guarantee for all this.
Due to the rules of the platform, you will only be recognized as a fan if you have more interaction with me. If you like my articles, you can click "Follow" and receive the article push as soon as you become a fan.