The Song dynasty ruled for 319 years.
1.In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty and set the capital of Kaifeng, opening the Northern Song Dynasty.
2.During the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi adopted a strategy of "first the south and then the north" to unify China, but their wars with the Liao and Western Xia suffered repeated setbacks.
3.In 1127, the Jin army invaded Kaifeng and plundered Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
4.During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, moved the capital to Lin'an, and engaged in a long-term war with the Jin State.
5.During the Southern Song Dynasty, the politics was relatively stable and the economy developed, but the national strength gradually weakened.
6.In 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yashan, and the Song Dynasty was destroyed, ruling for a total of 319 years.
The Song Dynasty, a dynasty that was both glorious and in decline, its reign spanned 319 years. During this period, there was both prosperity and the smoke of war.
1. The establishment and unification of the Northern Song Dynasty
In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chenqiao Mutiny, successfully usurped the throne of the Later Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty, and set the capital in Kaifeng. This period is known as the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin is known as the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, and his accession to the throne marked the beginning of a new era in Chinese history.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was faced with a first-class situation. In order to unify China, Song Taizu adopted the strategy of "first the south and then the north", and successively pacified the separatist forces in the south. Subsequently, the Northern Song Dynasty continued to advance northward, and although two failed attacks on the Liao State, in the first year of Zhenzong Jingde (1004), the Song and Liao countries signed the "Lanyuan Alliance", which maintained peace for more than a hundred years.
2. Political Reform and Social Unrest
During the Northern Song Dynasty, political reform became an important issue. The Qingli New Deal and the Xining Reform were two important reform attempts in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Qingli New Deal was led by Fan Zhongyan and others, and tried to solve the problems caused by the "policy of preventing fraud", but failed due to the obstruction of conservatives. The Xining Reform Law was led by Wang Anshi, who tried to implement a series of new laws to strengthen the centralization of power, but it was also unable to continue due to political struggles.
At the same time, the society of the Northern Song Dynasty also experienced poverty and weakness. Due to the malpractices of the land annexation and taxation system, the peasants are living in hardship and social contradictions are intensifying day by day. Peasant uprisings such as the Fangla Rebellion and the Songjiang Uprising broke out one after another, putting tremendous pressure on the rule of the Northern Song Dynasty.
3. The establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty and the War of Resistance against Jin
In 1127, the Jin army invaded Kaifeng and captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, known as the "Jingkang Difficulty" in history. After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, King Kang Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, established the Southern Song Dynasty, and moved the capital to Lin'an. The establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty marked the beginning of a new period in Chinese history.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin State continued to invade southward, and Henan, Shaanxi and other places were occupied by the Jin State. The Southern Song Dynasty fought a long war with the Jin State. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), the Southern Song Dynasty negotiated peace with the Jin Dynasty and declared itself a vassal to the Jin State, and the two countries were bounded by the Huai River-Dasanguan.
4. Politics and Society in the Southern Song Dynasty
During the Southern Song Dynasty, politics was relatively stable and social and economic development. During the reign of Song Gaozong, the politics were clear, the society was stable, and the economy and culture were prosperous, which was called the "rule of Qianchun". However, the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty also faced threats from the north, and two northern expeditions to the Jin Kingdom ended in failure.
In the later period of the Southern Song Dynasty, the national strength gradually weakened. Han Yanxuan, Shi Miyuan, Jia Yidao and other powerful ministers came to power one after another, and the malpractices of political corruption and bureaucracy became increasingly serious. At the same time, the rise of the Mongols brought new threats to the Southern Song Dynasty.
5. The fall of the Song Dynasty
The Southern Song Dynasty lost the war against the Mongols. In the second year of Emperor Gong Deyou (1276), the Mengyuan army captured Lin'an. In the second year of the young emperor Xiangxing (1279), the Southern Song Dynasty was completely defeated in the Battle of Yashan, and the Song Dynasty perished. The reign of the Song Dynasty came to an end, and Chinese history entered the Yuan Dynasty.
6. Summary
In conclusion, the Song Dynasty, a dynasty that spanned 319 years, was an important period in Chinese history. Its reign has gone through a lot of glory and decline. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi unified China through a strategy of "first the south and then the north" and implemented a series of political reforms. However, the Northern Song Dynasty suffered repeated setbacks in its wars against the Liao State and Western Xia, which eventually led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, although the country was relatively stable politically and economically developed, its national strength gradually weakened and was eventually destroyed by the Mongols. The rule of the Song Dynasty was both prosperous and prosperous, as well as the smoke of war. It was an important period in Chinese history and had a profound impact on later generations.