Not long ago, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment held a press conference on the "10th anniversary of Beijing's in-depth promotion of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological and environmental protection coordination". The reporter learned that in the past ten years, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has achieved remarkable results in improving the quality of the ecological environment, and by the end of 2023, the fine particulate matter (PM25) The annual average concentration decreased by about 60% compared with 2013; The number of heavily polluted days has been significantly reduced. These achievements are inseparable from the power of science and technology. The reporter recently visited the "smart brain" of China's air pollution control, the National Joint Center for Air Pollution Prevention and Control. Just after the Spring Festival, experts here are busy again, studying and analyzing new changes in the composition of air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
How can scientific and technological research help air governance "trace back to the source".
In the past few days, experts from the National Joint Center for Air Pollution Prevention and Control are studying the latest analysis data of particulate matter component measurement equipment. Experts found PM2 in the atmosphere in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areasThe composition of 5 is gradually changing.
Gao Jian, deputy director of the Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences: This picture is PM2 in Shijiazhuang at the beginning of this yearTime series plot of 5 components, blue (representing) nitrate, which points to motor vehicles and industry (pollution). The red color represents sulfate, which is the contribution of coal burning. Compared to 2017 (the same period), this kind of emissions, represented by coal combustion, has taken a back seat, almost at about 10%. This proves that the control of sulphur dioxide emissions is very effective.
According to research, in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and surrounding areas, PM25 of the first, the contribution rate of coal is generally declining sharply, and industrial pollution and traffic pollution have gradually become the main direction of air pollution control in the future. These research results are inseparable from the source analysis of pollutants. In September 2017, led by the Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences, 295 scientific research units and more than 2,900 scientific and technological workers across the country were integrated to establish the National Joint Center for Air Pollution Prevention and Control, with the primary task of analyzing air pollution sources.
Li Haisheng, President of the Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences: The first is to quantify. What is the proportion of each contribution, after quantifying, we will know, and we can solve the problem by grasping which main contradiction is grasped.
By building a multidisciplinary and multi-departmental "1+x" scientific and technological research model, the joint research center has broken the barriers of scattered scientific research resources for a long time. After several years of efforts, we have made breakthroughs in the key technologies of air pollutant measurement, built the largest air-space-ground integrated three-dimensional observation network and data sharing platform in China, and built more than 30 PM2 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas5-component monitoring station to realize the traceability of pollutants in hours during the heavy pollution process.
CCTV reporter Wang Chen: What we usually call PM25 is actually a general term for a series of fine particulate matter, they are very complex, with a diameter of no more than 25 microns. But now, with the help of advanced equipment and technology, researchers can see them for what they really are, with an accurate and fast look.
Li Wenjun, assistant researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences: For example, if we find a lot of spherical particles in iron-rich particulate matter, most of them come from the high-temperature melting process of steel plants, and we judge that the sampling points are greatly affected by the surrounding steel plants. In addition, if we find particulate matter, which has an irregular morphology and mainly contains calcium and magnesium, we can judge that the sampling point will be more affected by the surrounding cement plants.
Through a series of scientific research, researchers have found that civil coal combustion, thermal power, steel, building materials, and motor vehicles are the main sources of air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The research on air pollution control has achieved "tracing back to the source".
Mechanism innovation. One city, one policy, stationed to help air pollution control.
Finding the source and composition of air pollution is only the first step of the long march, and in the past few years, through the concentration of superior resources in scientific research, the subject of air pollution control in China has been solved one by one, and a set of effective governance mechanisms have been formed.
CCTV reporter Wang Chen: Behind me is the largest monitoring screen of a coal-fired power plant. It can be seen that the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide have dropped to less than 10 milligrams per standard cubic meter. Compared with the Air Pollutant Emission Standards for Coal-fired Power Plants, the emissions of coal-fired power plants are far below the emission limits of gas-fired power plants.
Huang Jiayu, associate researcher of the Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences: First of all, on the basis of the existing (pollution control technology) of coal-fired units, we have further expanded the capacity and increased efficiency, for example, the spray layer of the desulfurization tower has been changed from 3 layers to 5 layers, and the denitrification catalyst has been changed from the original 2 layers to 3 layers. But more importantly, we have developed a series of new technologies to further improve the efficiency of pollutant removal by increasing scientific research.
In view of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, where air pollution was once serious, the National Joint Center for Air Pollution Prevention and Control proposed a number of solutions, including the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power plants, clean heating in rural areas, the whole-process ultra-low emission transformation of the steel and building materials industry, and the integrated comprehensive treatment of "vehicle-oil-road-enterprise" traffic pollution. In addition to solving the pollution problems unique to each city, scientific and technological research also solves the problem of efficient control of regional transmission of air pollution, and avoids the simple practice of "one-size-fits-all" shutdown.
Another challenge in air pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas is the fragmentation of governance. The Joint Center for Tackling Key Problems has created a stationed tracking and research mechanism, dispatched experts and scientific and technological personnel, and stationed in one city and one policy to help solve the problem that the local government has no way to think about air pollution control, so that each city can coordinate with each other and resonate at the same frequency in governance.
Up to now, the research center has provided more than 2,800 consulting reports and countermeasures to the local government. After a series of scientific research and governance assistance, from 2016 to 2023, the "2+26" cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas will be PM25. The average concentration decreased by 442%, the number of heavily polluted days decreased by 943%。