"** has flourished greatly in the history of our country, especially during the Qing Dynasty, the development of ** reached its peak, from the dignitaries to the common people, I don't know how many people were punished for ***.
There is data that shows that it was only in the Kangxi DynastyMore than 500 people have been convicted for ***, if you count the later Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, this number may have to multiply several times. **Ten Thousand Fans Incentive Plan Those who were punished for *** were either exiled to the frontier or directly executed, and some were sent to the army, and the end was very tragic.
Although *** mainly flourished during the Qing Dynasty, in fact as early as the Tang Dynasty,Prime Minister Pei Yan was once punished by Wu Zetian for writing two words, and was finally wiped out.
The two words written by Pei Yan are "green birds"., On the surface, this is not seen at all, but Wu Zetian took apart the two words, forcibly interpreted different meanings, and put Pei Yan in prison with this.
Before Pei Yan entered the palace as an official, he studied in Hongwen Hall, and was known for his diligence and studiousnessPei Yan also refused the government's expropriation on the grounds that he had not finished his studies.
In the past ten years, Pei Yan forgot to sleep and eat, concentrated on studying "Zuo Chuan", and participated in the imperial examination after completing his studies.
In officialdom,Pei Yan rose step by step, and finally became the prime minister in 680 and became the head of the hundred officials in the court, but Pei Yan, who is in a high position, was naturally inevitably involved in the political whirlpool, and he paid the price of his life because of this.
In August of that year when Pei Yan became the prime minister, Fang Shiming Chongyan, who was deeply favored by Wu Zetian, was killed, Wu Zetian suspected that the matter was done by the prince Li Xian, so he ordered Pei Yan and others to investigate, Pei Yan searched out the armor from the East Palace, Wu Zetian thought that Li Xian was guilty of rebellion, and abolished him as a concubine.
After Li Xian was deposed,Li Xian was made the crown prince, and later Tang Gaozong died and Li Xian succeeded to the throne, and Pei Yan was ordered by the edict to assist the governmentDuring this period, Li Xian wanted to make his father-in-law Wei Xuanzhen a servant, and claimed: "I just give the country to Wei Xuanzhen, it's nothing." ”
Pei Yan was deeply disturbed when he heard this, so he secretly told Wu Zetian, which eventually led to Li Xian being deposed as the king of Luling, and after Li Dan succeeded to the throne, Pei Yan was awarded the title of barony of Yongqing County for his merits.
In fact, Pei Yan was a loyal courtier, and Li Xian's words made him feel a trace of the emperor's mediocrityFrom the perspective of considering the country, Pei Yan's move is understandable. However, it is precisely because of his loyalty that there is a contradiction between him and Wu Zetian.
After Li Dan succeeded to the throne, although he was named emperor, his rights were all controlled by Wu Zetian, and Wu Chenghei expressed his hope that Wu Zetian could posthumously crown the ancestor of the Wu family as the king, and Pei Yan was the first to stand up against it.
Pei Yan used the example of Empress Lu in the Han Dynasty to persuade Wu Zetian, but Wu Zetian said: Empress Lu is the king of the living people, and I am just posthumously sealing the ancestors.
Pei Yan thought that it should be prevented, although Wu Zetian was very dissatisfied, but he was helpless, so he had to give up, and then Wu Zetian began to treat Pei Yan coldly.
Soon after, Wu Chengsi persuaded Wu Zetian to kill King Han and King Lu, Wu Zetian asked the prime minister's opinion, Liu Yizhi and Wei Siqian were silentOnly Pei Yan resolutely objected, which made Wu Zetian angry.
Not only that, Pei Yan also disagreed with Wu Zetian on many matters, but because Pei Yan was an important minister of the Three Dynasties, his power in the court was deep-rooted, and he did not have any sin or handleSo although Wu Zetian wanted to get rid of Pei Yan several times, there was no suitable reason or opportunity.
Judging from Pei Yan's behavior and starting point of opposing Wu Zetian several times, he is thinking about the country, not simply opposing Wu Zetian, which is not difficult to understand his almost crazy actions later.
At this time, almost all the imperial power of the Tang Dynasty was controlled by Wu Zetian alone, and Li Dan was just a puppet, which naturally caused Pei Yan's worries and dissatisfactionHe thinks that Wu Zetian should return power to Li Dan and be his queen mother.
However, obviously, Pei Yan could not say these words in front of Wu Zetian, nor could he easily shake Wu Zetian's position, so he planned to use the opportunity of Wu Zetian's outing to carry out military admonitions and lead the troops to hold him hostage, so as to force Wu Zetian to return the rights to Emperor Li Dan.
Naturally, this matter did not succeed, otherwise history would have been rewrittenBecause it rained heavily on the day Wu Zetian planned to travel, she postponed her trip, which made Pei Yan's wishful thinking come to naught.
Although Pei Yan's plan failed, he was not the only one in the court who was dissatisfied with Wu Zetian's dictatorship, and Xu Jingye, the grandson of the founding hero Li Ji, also opposed Wu Zetian's control of the government and planned to raise troops to fight.
Xu Jingye knew that Pei Yan and Wu Zetian had always been at odds, so he pulled him into the teamHe also specially asked the great poet Luo Bingwang to write a poem called "Seeking Wu Cao for Xu Jingye".
King Luo Bin pointed out at the beginning of the article that Wu Zetian had committed many crimes, caused chaos in the harem to control the government, and killed the Li Tang clan, and his heart should be punished.
This poem spread widely in Luoyang City, and Pei Yan immediately decided to join Xu Jingye's camp to jointly crusade against Wu Zetian, and it was this choice that directly made him bury himself.
In 684, Xu Jingye officially raised troops in Yangzhou to defeat Wu ZetianAs Xu Jingye's "entrepreneurial partner" and the inner response in the palace, Pei Yan naturally will not sit still.
He took the opportunity to speak to Wu Zetiansaid that the reason why Xu Jingye rebelled was because the emperor had never been in power, if the emperor can be pro-government, then the rebel gang will naturally cease to exist.
Of course, Wu Zetian would not believe what Pei Yan said, and at this time, the imperial history accused Pei Yan in person, claiming that Pei Yan, as an old minister of the Three Dynasties and an auxiliary minister appointed by the first emperor, did not want to quell the rebellion at this time, but accused the queen mother, who must have dissent and plotted against him.
Pei Yan immediately reprimanded, but his reprimand had no effect, because at this time, someone came to report, claiming that he had intercepted a letter written by Pei Yan to Xu Jingye, which could be regarded as evidence that Pei Yan colluded with Xu Jingye to rebel.
When the letter was opened, the ministers found that there were only two words in the letter, "Green Bird".Everyone was puzzled for a while, and no one understood what these two words meant.
At this time, Wu Zetian said in front of the ministers that this was the evidence of Pei Yan's intention to rebelBecause the word "green" can be disassembled as "December", and the word "bird" can be disassembled as "I am self-contained", and together I will be in December.
Under this interpretation, Wu Zetian immediately ordered Pei Yan to be imprisoned, and ministers such as Hu Yuanfan and Liu Qixian wrote to defend Pei Yan, but Wu Zetian insisted that Pei Yan had the intention of rebellion, even if Hu Yuanfan and others used their lives to ensure that Pei Yan would not rebel, Wu Zetian was unmoved.
After all, Wu Zetian and Pei Yan have been at odds for a long time, and they have wanted to get rid of them many times but they can't find excuses and opportunities, this time they were finally able to punish Pei Yan with this, how could Wu Zetian let it go easily.
A month later, Pei Yan was executed, and Wu Zetian ordered all Pei Yan's family property to be confiscated at the same timeBut after raiding the house, it was found that Pei Yan's family had almost no savings at all, and the Pei family was implicated and punished.
The ministers who wrote to defend Pei Yan were also punished by Wu Zetian after Pei Yan's death, Hu Yuanfan was exiled from Beijing to Sichuan, Liu Qixian was demoted, and Cheng Wuting was also executed in the army.
After Pei Yan's death, Xu Jingye's rebellion also suffered setbacks one after another, because of the vain attempt to be the king of Jinling, and gave up attacking Luoyang, resulting in the loss of a good fighter.
In the end, after Xu Jingye was defeated by Li Xiaoyi, he hurriedly took his wife and children to Runzhou, trying to escape by sea, and was killed by his subordinate Wang Naxiang on the wayAlso killed was Xu Jingye's younger brother Xu Jingyou, and according to legend, King Luo Bin was also killed.
After Xu Jingye raised his troops, the reason why he attacked Jinling instead of Luoyang was because he vainly wanted the royal spirit of Jinling, and he had the idea of separating himself from the army, which confirmed the rebellion.
Although Pei Yan was convicted of rebellion by Wu Zetian, he always considered the countryTherefore, after Tang Ruizong succeeded to the throne again, he issued a decree in 710 to be Pei Yan ordinary, and posthumously awarded him the title of Tai Lieutenant, and gave him the nickname "Loyalty".
Judging from the nickname "loyalty" given to Pei Yan by Li Dan, it is enough to show that Pei Yan is a loyal minister, at least in Li Dan's heart.
Looking back on Pei Yan's experience, he was ordered by Tang Gaozong Li Zhi to assist Zhongzong Li Xian, and later when Li Xian tried to give his father-in-law an official, Pei Yan thought that this was a futility and a favorite, appointing people and nepotism, in order to maintain the countryHe and Wu Zetian jointly deposed Li Xian and set up Li Dan separately.
In the later period, Wu Zetian monopolized power, and the emperor became a puppet, Pei Yan stepped forward again and persuaded Wu Zetian to return to power to the emperor, and was finally framed by Wu Zetian for rebellion, and was later killed.
And most importantly,Pei Yan colluded with Xu Jingye to rebel against such a major event, "Old Tang Book", "New Tang Dynasty Book" and "Zizhi Tongjian" are not recordedTherefore, I am afraid that there is no way to verify the historical facts.
Wu Zetian once said something like this: Is there anyone among the ministers who can be more stubborn and difficult to control than Pei Yan? Among the descendants of Jiangmen, is there an outlaw who can compare to Xu Jingye? Among the generals who led the troops to fight, is there anyone who can be more invincible than Cheng Wuting? All three of them are quite prestigious and not good for me.
That is to say, Pei Yan, Xu Jingye and Cheng Wuting are all quite prestigious peopleIt is not conducive to her taking power, so she must be eliminated, so it seems that Xu Jingye raised troops, which just gave Wu Zetian the opportunity to get rid of the three.
In 780, nearly a hundred years after Pei Yan's death, Li Shi of Tang Dezong gave a rating to the ministers who had "noble deeds and clear efficacy" since the founding of the countryPei Yan was rated as superior in the evaluation, which further shows that within the Li Tang court, Pei Yan was always regarded as a loyal minister, not an anti-minister.
Therefore, when Wu Zetian killed Pei Yan, it was more likely to clear the way for himself to monopolize power and then ascend to the throne of the emperor, and Pei Yan's rebellion is unlikely to be true.