1. The origin of Tuoba and Yuwen
The Tuoba clan is from the Xianbei Tuoba tribe. The Xianbei Tuoba tribe originally lived near the Daxing'an Mountains in the present-day Heilongjiang and Nenjiang River basins, and lived a nomadic life. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the Northern Xiongnu were defeated and moved westward, the Tuoba Department gradually moved westward under the leadership of the chief Tuoba Jiefen and entered the original Northern Xiongnu station, that is, the Mobei region. By the time of the chieftain Tuoba Liwei, the Tuoba tribe went south to herd in the area of Yunzhong (now Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia), and later moved to Shengle (now Inner Mongolia and Lingel), and had contacts with Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty, but at this time, the Tuoba tribe was still in the stage of clan and tribal alliance. In 338, the leader Tuoba Shiyiqian established the Dai State, all in Shengle (present-day Inner Mongolia and Lingel), and gradually became powerful. In 376, the former Qin Emperor Fu Jian attacked the Dynasty, Tuoba Shiyiqian was defeated, and was soon killed by his son Tuoba Weijun, and the Former Qin took the opportunity to attack and destroy the Dai Kingdom. After the Battle of Weishui, the Former Qin rule collapsed. In 386, Xianbei Tuoba Jue (the grandson of Tuoba Shiyiqian) rebuilt the dynasty, and later changed the name of the country to Wei, known as "Northern Wei" or "Later Wei" (Wei after the Wei of the Three Kingdoms) Tuoba Wei (Wei built by the Tuoba clan);After Tuoba Hong moved the capital to Luoyang in 493 and changed his surname to "Yuan", it was also called Yuan Wei. Yuwen clan from the Xianbei Yuwen Department, in the historical book "Book of Wei", recorded the Xi of the time: "People cut their hair and leave it on top, thinking that it is jewelry, and if it is longer than a few inches, it will be cut short." The women wore long undergarments and feet, but had no clothes. "The tribesmen have a custom of hair Xi, and women wear long one-piece coats, which are very different from the Han people's dress of long skirts. In addition, in autumn, the people of the Yuwen tribe harvest a poisonous plant called "aconitum aconitum" to make poison for hunting birds and beasts. The Yuwen Department of the Xianbei people gradually prospered until the early period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, especially when it was stronger after the Western Jin Dynasty, and the location was about the vast area east of Weiyuan (now the upper reaches of the Luanhe River in Hebei) and west of Liucheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning). Several generations of leaders of the Yuwen Department in the Western Jin Dynasty had a good relationship with the Xianbei of the Tuoba Tribe, and there were intermarriages between the two tribes from time to time. After entering the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, the Yuwen Ministry was attached to the powerful Later Zhao regime. However, there has always been a constant struggle between the Yuwen Department and the Murong Ministry, and there are several successive leaders of the Yuwen Ministry, Yuwen Moju, Yuwen Xun Nickyan, Yuwen Beggar Turtle, and Yuwen Yidou Gui were all defeated by the Murong Ministry, and in a decisive battle in the ninth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty or the first year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (344 345 AD), the Yuwen Ministry was finally defeated by the former Yan regime established by the Murong Ministry, and the people were scattered and relocated by the leaders of the Murong Ministry, and the Yuwen Ministry perished. 2. Genetic results of Yuanwei's bones and Yuwenyong's bonesIn 2010, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and the Xianyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology began to clean up the tomb of Yuanwei of the Tuoba clan. The unearthed "Epitaph of the Great Sui Envoy Holding the Festival Ceremony and the Three Silu County Envoys" recorded: "The public is powerful, the word is Zhiwei, and the people of Sangqian in the county are also." Zhongyuan Xuxu, the remaining seedlings of Emperor Zhaocheng;The torrent faction is divided, and the king of Zuo Xian is after Yin. The light emblem seal can be said slightly. Great-ancestor Tu Liuba, Yu Zhen, the palace Shangshu, the scattered cavalry attendant, Linlu Gong, said Gong Wang. Zu An Zhou, General Pingbei, Shangluo Taishou, Jing Zhaoyin. Kao Puxian, General of Zhenxi, Hengzhou Thorn History. "Through the epitaph, it can be determined that Yuan Wei's identity is a descendant of the Tuoba clan. In 2016, Fudan University conducted a Y-chromosome DNA test on the excavated Yuanwei bones (supplement: the Y chromosome follows the principle of father-to-son transmission in China, so the Y chromosome is often used to trace ancestors), and finally determined that the genetic type of Yuanwei's bones is C-F1756. Therefore, it is highly likely that the people with the Y haplogroup C-F1756 and its downstream clades are descendants of the Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 2017, Fudan University published the research results of Yuanwei ancient DNA. The article was published in the October 2017 issue of Academic Monthly. The origin of the Tuoba tribe reflected in the bones of Xianbei in the Sui Dynasty Academic Monthly - Han Sheng, Meng Hailiang On June 25, 2023, according to Fudan University professor Wen Shaoqing revealed in the online open class "Molecular Archaeology - Interpreting History in DNA", the gene extraction of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (Yuwen Yong) and Empress Wude (Ashina) has been completed, and the result of Yuwen Yong's paternal haplogroup is C-F3830!
3. Origin and distribution of paternal haplogroup C-F1756
The C-F1756 type (also known as C2-448del), downstream of which C-Y10417 is one of the larger patrilineal types of the Mongolian population, accounting for 375%。The most recent co-ancestor of this type dates back to about 4850 years ago, and the population accounts for 054%, mainly distributed in Northeast, North China, Northwest and other provinces and cities. This type can account for up to 196%, Heilongjiang 163%, Xinjiang 150%, Shaanxi 136%, Shanxi 133%, Liaoning 132%, Hebei 123%, Jilin 117%, Gansu 113%, Beijing 113%, Tianjin 112%。This type is common among the Han, Mongolian, and Manchu ethnic groups, and the available paleoDNA data suggest that this type may be highly related to the historical Donghu-Xianbei population. The bones of the Murowei people from the 8th to 10th centuries in the Hulunbuir Gangga Cemetery Park have been tested by research institutions, and the results are C-F3918 (the upstream site of C-F1756).
IV. Conclusion.
The Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Yuwen clan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty both originated from the same ancestor of the Xia Dynasty 4,000 years ago, and according to the latest data, the more detailed downstream of the Tuoba clan may be C-MF14428