Beijing Evening News |Author Wuliu Qi.
There are really a lot of precious varieties in this chrysanthemum, well, ** there are Du Sheng, Golden Peony, Yellow Crane Ling, Bao Junzhi, Royal Robe Yellow, Golden Peacock, Side Calendula, Yingyu Yellow. White chrysanthemum has white under the moon, jade peony, jade treasure phase, jade Linglong, a ball of snow, sable cicada worshipping the moon, and Taiye lotus. Purple chrysanthemum has Bijiangxia, Shuangfeiyan, Jianxia Silk, Purple Jade Lotus, Zixia Cup, Agate Plate, and Violet Umbrella. Red chrysanthemum has beauty red, sea cloud red, drunken concubine, embroidered hibiscus, rouge, brocade lychee, and crane top red. The light red ones are Buddha smile, red powder, peach chrysanthemum, Shih Tzu powder, Shengfei peach, Yulou spring ......”
The above passage is quoted from Jin Yong**'s "Liancheng Jue". Ding Dian, who was highly poisonous, explained his life experience to Di Yun, recalling the grand scene of the Hankou Chrysanthemum Society, which was the first time he met his beloved Miss Ling. The Ling family has green chrysanthemum treasures, but they can't be seen at the chrysanthemum meeting.
Jin Yong's newspaper name is actually copied from the article "Autumn Chrysanthemum Has Good Color" by the writer of "Mandarin Duck Butterfly School", which has become a public case. Zhou Shoujuan is a flower lover, and in his later years, he devoted himself to gardening and bonsai research. According to his own account, his article was written in 1954, "The General Management Office of Ta Kung Pao specially asked me to write a short essay for Hong Kong's Ta Kung Pao......In less than a year, he wrote a full 100 "Trivia Before Flowers". Jin Yong began to create martial arts in 1955, and I thought I happened to read this article and made a "tribute". This text is a bit abrupt, Ding Dian was on the verge of death at that time, but he spent a lot of effort to report the name of the flower, and he didn't even have time to explain the last number of the city recipe to Di Yun.
There is also evidence that in the middle of "Dragon Babu", Duan Yu talked about camellias, and also borrowed a lot from Zhou Shoujuan's "Camellia Blooms in Spring and Has Not Returned".
In "Liancheng Jue", when did the green chrysanthemum that Ding Dian never forget became a treasure in the eyes of the chrysanthemum lovers?
Qing Dynasty) Yu Zhiding "Wang Yuan Qi Yi Ju Tu" volume.
At first, chrysanthemums were picked for eating.
The earliest record of chrysanthemums in ancient books can be found in "Zhou Li": "The guests of the wild goose, the jue (finch) into the water to become a clam, the bow has a yellow flower." ”
The chrysanthemum character was originally written as "ju". "Xia Xiaozheng" contains: "September Ju Rong. Bow, grass also. Ju Rong and tree wheat, the time is urgent". "The Book of Rites: The Order of the Month" contains: "In the month of autumn, there is Huang Hua in Ju. ”
Pi Ya" explains "Ju": "Chrysanthemum is a bow, from Ju to poor, and the flowers are exhausted so far." "Tang Dynasty Yuanzhen's "is not a preference for chrysanthemums in flowers, this flower blooms more flowerless", and Huangchao's "stay until September 8 in autumn, I will kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom", which is the original meaning of the chrysanthemum word.
There are no chrysanthemums in the Book of Songs. Scholar Hu Huaichen said in the book "How to Read Ancient Books". The word chrysanthemum is not found in the Book of Songs, but in the Ci of Chu, or because the chrysanthemum first came from Hunan.
In the pre-Qin period, chrysanthemums were not used to see, but to eat. Qu Yuan said in "Lisao" that "the fall of Mulan in the morning is dewed, and the autumn chrysanthemum falls in the evening", and in "Nine Chapters", he said "Sowing the river and nourishing the chrysanthemum, I wish the spring to be fragrant". "糗" refers to dry food, and "Jiangli" is the name of vanilla, also known as "蘼芜". Jiangli and chrysanthemums are both used to add fragrance to rice.
By the Han Dynasty, chrysanthemums were excavated for medicinal use. "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" contains: "Chrysanthemum Shushi, and pick stems and leaves, mixed millet rice brewed, to the next year September 9 to begin to ripen, on the drink, so called chrysanthemum wine." Cao Pi said in "Sending Chrysanthemums to Zhong Xiang on the Ninth Day" that "meal chrysanthemum" can "assist the body to prolong life", and chrysanthemums are also bound to the Double Ninth Festival, "to wish Peng Zu's longevity".
The Xi of "Dining Chrysanthemum" is endless. At present, it coincides with the first snow in old Beijing, and I have to mention the chrysanthemum hot pot. As the "Qing Barnyard Banknotes" said: "In the winter of Beijing, the restaurant sells and drinks, and there is a small kettle on the case, in which the fertile soup is burned, and the meat slices of chicken, fish, sheep and pigs are plated, and the guests throw themselves into it, and eat it when cooked." There are mixed with chrysanthemum petals, called chrysanthemum hot pot, suitable for drinking. All things are cut raw and cut into silk for slices, so it is called raw hot pot. ”
Falling flowers or leaves?
The so-called chrysanthemum is not necessarily eating flowers.
Xiao Xiao has an acre of palace and more than ten bushes of chrysanthemums. Picking and fragrant dew, sealing the title of the sick man. Ripe tea Dingli, the meal is called Shi Ouzhong. Xiangjie will never taste different. In this poem by Yao He of the Tang Dynasty, the seedling leaves of chrysanthemums are taken as medicinal food.
The "falling Ying" in the sentence "Autumn Chrysanthemum at the Evening Meal" in Lisao, whether it is a falling flower or a falling leaf, has always been controversial in the history of literature.
It is generally believed that "Ying" is "flower", and "Luoying" means "falling flower". However, the past dynasties have always had doubts about "Ying". "Shennong's Materia Medica" contains: "Chrysanthemum clothing is light and resistant to aging, and leaves are picked in March." In the Book of Song, Fu Ruizhi, Shen Yue of the Southern Dynasty once explained that "Ying, Ye Ye". The Song Dynasty's "Xixi Congyu" supported Shen Yue's statement, believing that "Lisao" eats the leaves of the autumn chrysanthemum.
The word "fall" is also controversial. The word fall has multiple meanings, both the meaning of falling and withering, and the meaning of "initial opening", which is the same as the word "beginning". Shi Zhengzhi, a famous minister in the Song Dynasty, made "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", thinking that "Luoying" should be interpreted as the first flower, saying: "If the husband can eat, it is the beginning of the chrysanthemum, fragrant and lovely ears." If the husband declines and then falls, how can he no longer have the taste of food?"From the perspective of eating, this statement is quite reasonable, and the first chrysanthemum is naturally more delicious.
Zhou Shoujuan's article "Autumn Chrysanthemum Has Good Color" is a "Brief History of Chrysanthemums", in which he supports Shi Zhengzhi's statement: "In the Warring States Period, the patriotic poet Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci" once had the famous sentence "Autumn Chrysanthemum Falls in the Evening". For this sentence, future generations gathered to file lawsuits, thinking that chrysanthemums would only dry and not fall, how to say that they would fall into the country?In fact, Dr. Qu is not wrong, falling, beginning, Luoying means that the first flower, the color and fragrance are good, and they are indeed edible. ”
Scholar He Jianxun explained from a new perspective, believing that falling flowers are the first flowers: "Wang Anshi dissolves into a withered fall. But the chrysanthemum does not fall, so the word should be based on "Erya", and the training is the beginning. ”
The Song people know chrysanthemums best.
Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, chrysanthemum cultivation has become more and more common, and chrysanthemums have gradually shifted from drinking to ornamentation.
What really makes chrysanthemums colorful is the Song people. On the one hand, chrysanthemums broke through the festival restrictions, so that the Song people could also widely use and consume chrysanthemums outside the festival. On the other hand, chrysanthemums have also broken through the class restrictions, and chrysanthemums have entered the daily life of ordinary people.
In the Song Dynasty, the technology of cultivating chrysanthemums continued to improve, and the variety of chrysanthemums increased significantly. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the large flower market has Lin'an's Heningmen and Ximacheng, "Lin'an Ximacheng Garden, every year to Chongyang, called the Douhua, each out of the chrysanthemum strange more than 80 species", the Douhua is equivalent to the current chrysanthemum exhibition.
Chrysanthemums in the Song Dynasty were increasingly commoditized. The poet Yang Wanli once spent 100 dollars to buy a chrysanthemum: "Now in Xianyang City, there is a mouth, how can I ask about flowers." Buy one on the eaves of 100 coins, and talk about the poet's ghostliness. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the famous minister Wang Shipeng would buy a chrysanthemum to watch in October every year: "Three hundred green dollars for a chrysanthemum, moved to the window with pine and bamboo." "At this time, a chrysanthemum has been sold for three hundred yuan.
The Song people were no longer limited by the season when they enjoyed chrysanthemums. "Hundred Chrysanthemum Collection" contains: "The opening of chrysanthemums is also ...... in all seasonsLooking at it with the poetry of Zhugong, you can see its so-called spring chrysanthemum, summer chrysanthemum, autumn chrysanthemum, and cold chrysanthemum. ”
Su Shi's "Chrysanthemum Post" contains: "Recently, there are many chrysanthemums, and all wise people are made of his grass, which no longer corresponds to the season." From August to October, chrysanthemums are endlessly in the city, and it can also be strange. When he lived in Hainan, he took pleasure in planting chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums bloom late in Hainan, Su Shi had to come to "Chongyang Chrysanthemum" in November of the old calendar: "I am in Hainan, art chrysanthemum nine Wan, to November hope, and the guest chrysanthemum as a heavy nine, the book is remembered." ”
Song Zhu Shaozong, "Chrysanthemum Bush Flying Butterfly".
Of course, chrysanthemums also enriched the dining table of the Song people. Su Zhe said in "Chrysanthemums on the Theme": "Chrysanthemums are planted at the beginning of spring, and wine pots are planted in the evening flowers. "One" chrysanthemum "two, can be eaten and seen.
Yellow is the positive color.
In the Song Dynasty, the revision of flower records was prevalent, and the number of chrysanthemum scores was second only to peony scores. Scholar Guo Youwei sorted out and counted all kinds of flower spectrums in the Song Dynasty, and there were 21 kinds of peony spectrums and 10 kinds of chrysanthemum spectrums. There are 4 surviving chrysanthemums in the Song Dynasty.
The first chrysanthemum spectrum in history was the "Liu's Chrysanthemum Spectrum" written by Liu Meng in Luoyang during the Chongning period of Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty. "Today's chrysanthemum is prosperous, as for more than 30 kinds, you can gather and remember. ”
Most of the chrysanthemum spectrums in the Song Dynasty are variety genealogies, with chrysanthemum varieties as the main objects, and the varieties are sorted and evaluated. Among the many varieties of chrysanthemums, the Song people cultivated red, purple and green flower colors other than yellow and white. For example, the Southern Song Dynasty Shizhu's "Collection of Hundred Chrysanthemums" includes 163 kinds of chrysanthemums, with a total of five colors: yellow, white, red, purple and green. Its ** green chrysanthemum varieties: cicada chrysanthemum, paving chrysanthemum.
Song people chrysanthemum spectrum, depending on yellow as the positive color, green chrysanthemum is not cherished, such as the representative famous product is "robe yellow", as the name suggests. In Liu Meng's "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", yellow is the first, followed by white, followed by purple, red, etc. Su Shi and his friend Zhu Bo commented on chrysanthemums, and Zhu Bo said: "Chrysanthemums are yellow as positive, and Yu is contemptible." Su Shi was impressed by these words.
In the poems of the Song Dynasty, chrysanthemums are called many other names, all of which are inseparable from yellow, such as yellow flowers, ** Jin Ying, Jin Rui and Huang Ying. Zhou Shoujuan said in the article "Autumn Chrysanthemum Has Good Color" that he most appreciates the two chrysanthemum poems of Zheng Suonan in the Southern Song Dynasty, one is "Chrysanthemum Song" and the other is "Dinner Chrysanthemum Song". ”
Cong Ju Tu Southern Song Dynasty.
Until the Ming Dynasty, Xie Zhaoqian also believed in "Five Miscellaneous Quirks": "Chrysanthemum has Huanghua." Taohua in Zhongchun, Tonghua in Jichun, all of them do not say yes, and the chrysanthemum alone says that there is, the frost is killed, the trees are yellow, and the chrysanthemum is unique. The color of chrysanthemum is different, and those who specialize in yellow, autumn is gold, and gold is yellow as the positive color. ”
Dyeed green chrysanthemum deceived Cixi.
The art chrysanthemum tradition in Beijing can be traced back to the Liao Dynasty. After Nanjing Xijin Mansion (now Beijing) was set up as the capital of Liao, chrysanthemums were planted all over the palace inside and outside, and Yelu Hongji of Liao Daozong invited the ministers to drink and appreciate chrysanthemums, and should be made with Li Yan's "Chrysanthemum Fu" and "Title Li Yan ** Fu", which became a palace story. "Yanbei Miscellaneous Records" also contains: "Liao customs, September 9 siege, gambling and shooting tigers, the less is negative, and the weight of the 91 feast is lost." Shoot it, make a tent on the high ground, drink chrysanthemum wine, cut the rabbit liver raw, and mix it with deer tongue sauce. ”
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, chrysanthemum cultivation was further prosperous and the varieties were further enriched. "Compendium of Materia Medica" contains: "There are 900 varieties of chrysanthemums in the Ming Dynasty, with roots and stems and leaves, and different flowers and colors. Its stems have dogwood, purple and red, green and green, its leaves have the difference in size, thickness and bardness, its flowers have the whip of sweet and bitter hardship, and there are summer chrysanthemums, autumn chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums. "900 species may be exaggerated, according to statistics, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, the addition of new varieties of chrysanthemums will not be less than 300.
The Qing Dynasty was a period of rapid increase in the number of chrysanthemum varieties, not only the number of bred varieties was increasing, but also foreign varieties were introduced into China. Zou Yigui's "Chrysanthemum Spectrum" records 26 varieties of chrysanthemums introduced into China.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Chen Hongshou "Playing with Chrysanthemum".
Green chrysanthemum was regarded as a treasure among chrysanthemums by the Qing people. Pu Songling in the Qing Dynasty was addicted to chrysanthemums, and his poems said: "I used to love chrysanthemums and became chrysanthemums, and the best varieties were not afraid to seek thousands of miles." In "Strange Tales from Liao Zhai", the story of "Eunuch Niang" is based on green chrysanthemum as a clue, the Ge family has a secret green chrysanthemum, which is cultivated in the boudoir of Miss Ge's good worker, and the chrysanthemum in Wen Sheng's house suddenly turns green, so the green chrysanthemum matches the marriage between Wen Sheng and Lianggong. The emotional line between Ding Dian and Miss Ling in "Liancheng Jue" is faintly similar to "Eunuch Niang".
In the memoir of the Chinese-American Deling "The Empress Dowager Cixi and Me", it is told that Cixi was once keen to cultivate green chrysanthemums, but it ended in failure. Unfortunately, it didn't take long for the green to fade away, revealing a white texture, and upon closer examination, it was discovered that the green was artificially dyed with paint. ”
"Human beauty" is not as good as "natural beauty".
Tao Yuanming's sentence "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence" gave the chrysanthemum a hidden connotation, and Zhou Dunyi of the Song Dynasty said in "Ai Lian Said": "To say that the chrysanthemum, the hermit of the flower is also." "A question, is Tao Yuan Mingcai a wild chrysanthemum or a family chrysanthemum?
The literati of the Ming and Qing dynasties regarded "art chrysanthemum" as an elegant thing. The cultivation of chrysanthemums is most dependent on artificial, no matter what kind of good seeds, every year needs to be cared for by cuttings, plant selection, heading, topping, etc. Li Yu said in "Idle Love": "For this flower, from spring to autumn, from morning to dusk, there is always no moment. It must be so, it is a flower, it can be rich and beautiful, otherwise it is the same as the wild chrysanthemum, only to decorate the fence. If so, then the beauty of chrysanthemums is not the beauty of the sky, but also the beauty of people. ”
Mr. Wang Zengqi wrote about green chrysanthemums: "When I returned to my hometown a few years ago, I saw a pot of green chrysanthemums in the park. He did not praise the rarity of green chrysanthemums, but sighed: "I don't approve of engaging in chrysanthemums and chrysanthemums, so that chrysanthemums are all in order, sitting in rows, or crowded into a pile, making noise." Chrysanthemums still have to be looked at one by one, one by one. I don't approve of tying chrysanthemums into dragons and lions, which is simply a waste of chrysanthemums. ”
Lu Shusheng, the word and Ji, the number Pingquan, Zhen Wending, is the Ministry of Rites in the period of Mingshenzong. "Ancient and Modern Tan Overview" recounts one of his anecdotes: "On Xiang Song's birthday, Zhu Hanlin claimed his longevity and competed for his face. When the chrysanthemums were full, Lu Pingquan retreated alone, and Xu said: "Don't squeeze Tao Yuanming." I don't know how many people have laughed at these words, ancient and modern?
I like Cui Jian's song "Running Away", "Looking at the wild chrysanthemums, I think of my home." "Wild chrysanthemums also come in varieties of white, purple and safflower. Liu Meng included two kinds of wild chrysanthemums, Huangbi and single-leaved, in the "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", "born between the mountains and wild hedges", "can travel far away in the mountains and wilderness, protect their nature, and have no envy of the chrysanthemums".
Tao Yuanming's secluded temperament should be more of a "heavenly beauty" between the fences, rather than hunting for curiosity and beauty, and pursuing the artificial "richness". (Editor in charge: Shen Feng).