The third massacre of Jiading
Only twenty days after Jiading was slaughtered for the second time, Wu Zhifan, the former commander of the Southern Ming Dynasty, led the rest of the troops to raise troops, **Jiading, the Qing soldiers in the city were caught off guard, and fled after the rout. For the third time, the remaining people in the city rushed to the front of the Wu army and enthusiastically obeyed the order. However, the militia in Jiading City is basically a rabble, and its strength is too weak. When the Qing soldiers counterattacked, the militia was quickly defeated, and the Qing soldiers once again swarmed into the city, and the third time they washed the city of Jiading. After Li Chengdong's three **, the anti-Qing movement in Jiading basically subsided. During the three massacres of the city, more than 50,000 people died for the country. If the first two massacres of the city left some hidden dangers for the Qing Dynasty, then the third massacre, they can be said to have got their wish, because on the accumulated white bones of the city, the banner of "the hair cutting order has been carried out" was finally planted!
Within two months, the people spontaneously revolted against the Qing Dynasty, fighting more than a dozen times, and in the three massacres of the Qing army, none of the people in Jiading surrendered. When the majority of the people were actively resisting the Qing Dynasty for the national integrity and cultural lifeline, regardless of men, women and children, most of the Southern Ming Dynasty had already surrendered to the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and braided their hair in a grand manner, and many Southern Ming traitors represented by Li Chengdong and Pu Zhang, even acted as the vanguard of the Qing army and became the executioners of the Jiangnan people. Li Chengdong, who used to be the general soldier of Xuzhou in the Southern Ming Dynasty, as a Han Chinese, not only led the Qing soldiers to kill the Han compatriots in Yangzhou, but also led and implemented the tragedy of the Jiading Three Massacres with full authority. and Pu Zhang, who even slaughtered his friend Lou's entire family in the second massacre. The people of Jiading denounced him: "The human face is the heart of a beast, and the dog and mouse do not eat." These people are the unforgivable sinners of the Chinese nation.
The white bones are all over the field, and the lonely ministers are unwilling to surrender;
Message to pedestrians to cover their noses, the living are not as fragrant as the dead.
An inscription poem by an unknown woman in Jiangyin before the martyrdom of the Anti-Qing Campaign.
Now I can't help but be indignant when I read it, when the Ming Dynasty in Beijing fell, there were only a handful of courtiers who sacrificed their lives to die for the country. The civil officials of the Southern Ming Dynasty were corrupt, the military attachés were afraid of death, the eunuchs were in power, and the court was full of factions and factions, and they were fighting each other; The external commanders fought for territory with each other and had no intention of defending, fearing the enemy like a tiger, the commander fled, and the soldiers followed suit. Before and after the fall of Yangzhou alone, the Qing army recruited as many as 200,000 Southern Ming soldiers near Nanjing, and these Southern Ming troops played a far greater role than the Manchu army when the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country in the future. Some people say: (at the end of the Ming Dynasty) there were two societies in China, which were exaggerated at the top and rude at the bottom, and dedicated themselves to the game.
The "two societies" are contrasted up and down
The upper class of society is mediocre and decadent, but the people at the bottom are well aware of the righteousness and have the courage to dedicate themselves. True intellectuals, faced with all these circumstances, are afraid that the grief and resentment in their hearts are only deeper than the pain of the enemy's knife on their bodies. Qu Shiyun, a hero of the Southern Ming Dynasty's resistance to the Qing Dynasty, was greatly dissatisfied with the tendency of the Ming Dynasty's relics: "I only know that those who flatter and shave their hair ignore the court's outline and clear discussions, and they can't look down on it." It is not possible to be in the same stream, and it is impatient to argue all day long, but it is better to be on the outside, and you still have to be innocent. ”
Not to mention the people with lofty ideals in Jiading City, even Li Xiangjun in "Qinhuai Bayan", persuaded the lover to keep the festival for the Ming Dynasty, don't be a foreign race, and the heart of serving the country with fists is also a woman who does not let her eyebrows. Xiangjun has a patriotic heart, and the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty only wants her hue, in the face of the persecution of the court officials, she spared no effort to protect her chastity and morality, dyed peach blossoms with blood, and left a story of troubled times that can be sung and cried. This is the story prototype of the famous legendary drama of the Qing Dynasty, Kong Shangren in "Peach Blossom Fan". The oppressed women at the bottom of the society can show the noble national temperament in the critical moment of the country's survival, but the scholar doctor has given up his principles and is ready to change the court at any time, so let it go!
Because the naïve idealist, even if he is persistent, even if he is tenacious, he is still weak...Only those who truly understand the ugliness and filth of this world, who are hit by reality, tormented by pain, covered in bruises, and have nothing to hide, but who never give up the pursuit of light, still smile, and move forward firmly, are truly brave. He who does not experience darkness cannot understand light. ——Mingyue "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty" back then
Justify the name of intellectuals
Many people in later generations blamed the intellectuals at that time for the demise of the Southern Ming Dynasty, believing that they brought disaster to the country and the people, corrupted the dynasty, etc., such as some articles or programs accusing the civil official group of indulging in the party struggle of the imperial court, so they accelerated the demise of the Southern Ming. However, this view is one-sided and unfair, and it should be said that the social system and the environment of the times are the fundamental causes. In Chinese history, the status of intellectuals (scholars) has gradually declined since the Qin and Han dynasties, and after the establishment of the imperial examination system, intellectuals have been very weak and powerless under the lure of institutionalized promotion channels and the high pressure of the political system of the supremacy of monarchy. During the Ming Dynasty, intellectuals undoubtedly faced a more serious dilemma of survival and development, the combination of eunuch dictatorship and factory special system, the implementation of strict monitoring and suppression of courtiers, not only had to be beaten at every turn, that is, the court staff, and the emperor was cruel and murderous, and the ministers who were dissatisfied with themselves carried out crazy **.
During the Jianwen period, Fang Xiaoru, an important minister, was killed tragically by more than 800 relatives and friends because of his participation in the organization of the reduction of the domain, opposition and refusal to cooperate with Zhu Di. Generation after generation of ** have killed all the ministers, killed the feelings and trust of the officials to the royal family, and only left the fear of imperial power. The literati were either caught up in the party strife of the imperial court and became corrupt and degenerate, or they became cowardly and stupid because of the emperor's immorality and the eunuchs' dictatorship, and the truly talented and aspiring people were squeezed out of the middle and lower echelons of the political power, unable to play the social role that intellectuals should have.
100 Helping Programs
In such dark or chaotic periods, intellectuals are characterized by the fact that they are guided by the humanistic spirit, based on the internal personal moral achievements, and emphasize personal cultivation in order to achieve universal moral and ethical norms, and then deduce to political facilities and shoulder the task of political or social criticism. From this point of view, Qian Qianyi, the leader of the literary world in the late Ming Dynasty, was not a qualified intellectual. When the Manchu soldiers approached the city of Nanjing, Liu Ru persuaded him to throw himself into the water and die for the country, and Qian Qianyi pondered for a while and said, "The water is too cold to go down." In the end, he led his ministers to surrender to the Qing army in the pouring rain. The same situation occurred in Jiading, where the people of the city, under the leadership of Mr. Hou Huanger, braved the torrential rain to put up a desperate resistance. The same intellectuals, but with completely opposite choices and endings. Although Qian Qianyi protected the people of Nanjing from being slaughtered, he fell into the political whirlpool many times because of his enthusiasm for fame, leaving behind the stigma of being a gossier and a disgrace. A group of intellectuals represented by Mr. Huang Er, Hou Huang Er of Jiading, Shi Kefa, and Jiangyin's "Three Princes of Resistance to the Qing Dynasty" led the people to stubbornly resist and caused the disaster of slaughtering the city, but in the end their loyalty and heroism went down in history and will be famous for centuries.
Faced with the choice that loyalty, righteousness, honor and life cannot be both, it should be said that all people are equal, no one or organization stipulates that intellectuals should sacrifice their lives for righteousness, and ordinary people can endure humiliation and survive. Everyone has the right to choose life or death, and to freely determine their own destiny. Therefore, Qian Qianyi chose to endure humiliation, Shi Kefa chose to sacrifice his life for the country, and Hong Chengchou and Li Chengdong chose to surrender to the Manchu Qing Dynasty. History is so thick and brutal that it is hard to even look at or peruse it. Who knows that the biggest traitor in the late Ming Dynasty, Hong Chengchou, who was both civil and military, also had a period of brave resistance to the Qing Dynasty before the Qing Dynasty, and he looked at death as if he were at home. Even Shi Kefa, the biggest loyal minister in the late Ming Dynasty, made military and political mistakes because of his lack of talent, indecisiveness, and even let the strong Yangzhou City be broken by the Qing army in one day. But the wind and sand of the years have worn away the unimportant details of the past, leaving behind air-dried specimens. History is merciless, and it will not give anyone a chance to justify and correct themselves. Therefore, intellectuals in troubled times, no matter how involuntarily they are, no matter what choice they make, they will probably inevitably have a tragic fate.
True intellectuals are the bearers of a tragic fate....If they want to predict the truth of an era in advance, they must bear the tragic fate caused by the gap between the times. In this sense, the times need tragedy, and intellectuals need tragedy even more. ——Zhu Xueqin, professor of history at Shanghai University.
The social fashion led by scholars - the courage of Confucianism can be taught for centuries
Count the tears of the plum blossoms and the death of the country, and divide the hearts of the ministers in the bright moon. This sentence was written by later generations to Shi Kefa, mourning the intellectuals who were martyred in the Jiangnan Massacre. It was they who took on the important task of "the rise and fall of the country, and the scholars are responsible", and led the ordinary people to complete a heroic and tragic historical battle. With humanistic spirit and moral cultivation, intellectuals guard the universal moral and ethical norms in society; With their own patriotic feelings and noble integrity, they have ignited the faith in the hearts of the people and created a social atmosphere of sacrificing their lives for righteousness and generosity. Qing Dynasty scholar Qian Daxin said in "Huang Tao Nunnery Portrait Praise" (Huang Chunyao Tao Nunnery): "The courage of Confucianism can be learned for hundreds of generations." ”
Jiading culture is prosperous, since ancient times, many people who have read poetry and books, deeply influenced by Confucianism, family affairs, national affairs, world affairs, everything is concerned, and a group of patriotic scholars with profound knowledge and integrity have appeared. Li Liufang, known as one of the "Four Gentlemen of Jiading", is well-known for his poetry and literary achievements. During the Tomorrow Qi year, someone in Suzhou built a shrine for Wei Zhongxian, and the flatterers rushed to worship, and Xie Sanbin, the county governor of Jiading, was quite hesitant to find Li Liufang's staff. Li immediately replied: "Bye, it's a matter of the moment; Don't worship, it's a thing for the ages. The magistrate deeply agrees and resolutely refuses to worship. It is conceivable that the leading role of intellectuals in the people, and their morality and more, have a significant and positive impact on the formation of society. Jiading can still see the remains commemorating Hou Tong Zeng and Huang Chunyao. There is Hou Huang Bridge in the west of the city, there is the monument of Mr. Hou Huang in Huilongtan Park, there is a watch workshop in front of the cemetery of Mr. Lianghuang, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty inscribes "edict" forehead stone, there is a pair of couplets on both sides: the national warrior is unequaled and the national soldier is the loyal minister. The intellectuals of the Southern Ming Dynasty who shared worries for the country, served the people, and died for their ideals, in the long river of history, poetically showed their unique philosophy of survival, and this is also the meaning of their tragic fate.
Conclusion
Eighty days with allegiance, the figure of the seventeenth dynasty of Taizu;
100,000 people died with one heart and left 300 miles of rivers and mountains in the Ming Dynasty.
Jiangyin's "Three Princes of the Anti-Qing Dynasty") Yan Yingyuan's poem before the martyrdom.
Through the dust of history, looking back at the painful years when blood and tears, fire and smoke were intertwined, the blood of the Chinese people stained that heavy historical picture, and the passionate elegy composed by intellectuals for the people and the country echoed in the time and space tunnel, still thrilling. Taking history as a mirror and looking forward to the future, the current intellectuals need to deeply introspect and reflect, and how to inherit and carry forward the belief and strength of guiding the ancestors of the nation to survive the catastrophe of the times?