Start planning my 2024 exam question types and score distribution: 1. Multiple choice questions (10 questions, 2 points each, a total of 20 points).
2. Multiple-choice questions (5 questions, 3 points each, 15 points in total).
3. True/False Questions (10 questions, 2 points each, 20 points in total).
4. Questions and answers (3 questions, 45 points in total).
Exam Format:Closed-book, paper-based.
Exam Date:90 minutes.
Assessment basis:The relevant resources on the "Community Work" learning platform of the Open University of China, screenshot below:
ClassmatesOn the basis of a systematic, comprehensive reviewObjective questions (single-choice, multiple-choice and true/false) can focus on the four formative assessment assignments. The Q&A questions can focus on the following, but it should be noted that some points must be explained appropriately when answering the questions.
Questions and Answers (for reference):
1. What are the functions of the community?
2. How to understand the characteristics of the community care model.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the indirect implementation of community development?
4. What are the roles of community workers in social planning?
5. At the macro level, what are the main intervention skills in the implementation of community care?
6. What are the connotations of community service?
7. What are the characteristics of community education?
8. How to understand the characteristics of community corrections.
9. What principles should be followed by community workers to establish a professional relationship with their clients?
A community is also a social system in which its parts are interconnected and influence each other, performing various social functions for community members. The community has five main functions:
This function is a system that organizes individuals and other resources to produce, distribute and consume goods and services, which is the economic function of the community and the most basic function of the community.
Socialization is a process through which individuals learn and acquire knowledge of their society, shared values and patterns of behavior, learning behaviors that are appropriate to the multiple social roles offered by society.
The community is the initial place where people are guided in terms of the specific structure and judgment of social behavior, and plays an important role in socialization. Formal and informal organizations, such as families, neighborhoods, churches and schools in the community, have a considerable influence on the formation of young people's values, roles and behavioral norms. From an early age, people learn the culture of the community and society, and learn how to assume social roles in the process of interacting with neighbors and small partner groups in the community, as well as teachers and classmates in community primary schools.
Social control is the process by which a community obtains compliance with prescribed and prohibited social roles, norms, and behaviors. Social control is the process by which a community gains compliance with prescribed and prohibited social roles, norms, and behaviors by its members. Social control is inherent in the society or community, and these norms and patterns of behavior permeate every aspect of the activities of the members of the organization.
The community is the primary place for people to understand the society and participate in social life, and the management, development and various activities of the community are inseparable from the participation of residents.
Social participation is a fundamental function of the community, and if the members of the community and the community itself are healthy and empowered, then their members are allowed and required to participate in the life and governance of the community. All parts of the community work together, share decision-making power, and work together to meet the needs of the community. Community empowerment is strengthened when communities are broadly involved in decision-making.
Social participation is the core of community practice and the social element of social work practice, and it is also the foundation of participatory democracy. Community participation develops, maintains and regulates community life and other social structures such as socialization, social control, and mutual supportive functions, and requires citizen participation that includes informal primary and secondary group activities, as well as the establishment and governance of more formal legal systems in the community. Strengthening social participation is an important task of social work.
Communities are important places for people to interact directly with each other, and community members have closer relationships and higher levels of trust. When families, friends, neighbors, volunteers, and professionals work together in the community to take care of the unemployed, the poor, the elderly, and other people in need, the mutual aid function is realized, and the mutual affection is increased. With the development of society, ** relevant departments, for-profit and non-profit health and welfare organizations, insurance companies, day care centers, volunteer teams, and infant and child care centers have also entered the community to provide long-term or temporary support and assistance to community members. At the same time, the involvement of social workers in the community also helps to better realize the mutual aid function of the community.
Community care refers to the integration of all social resources and the use of formal and informal care networks to provide comprehensive care for people in need of care in the family or community, so as to facilitate their normal life. The community care model has the following characteristics:
1.Emphasis is placed on the combination of formal and informal care.
The combination of formal and informal care is a core feature of community care, which places a strong emphasis on mobilizing informal caregiver systems that are relevant to the client. The community care model argues that there are many networks of relationships within the community that have a great impact on the lives of community members and can provide people with important spiritual, material and service support. Informal care is the form of informal care provided by family, friends, relatives, neighbours, etc. However, the existence of informal care is not to reduce the number of welfare homes, nor to use informal care to fill the demand gap, but to emphasize the combination of formal care and informal care, carry forward the spirit of community mutual assistance, and build a community life of mutual respect and love.
2.Assist clients in their proper integration into the community.
The mission of community care is to provide care and support to those in need in the community and to help them lead a normal life in the community. The community care model considers that the community in which the client lives is their normal living environment, where there are people they are familiar with, there are opportunities for them to interact with normal people, and there are conditions for normal social life, which is very beneficial to the service users. While community care does not preclude access to welfare institutions in some cases, its goal is to assist clients to integrate into their communities and to make choices about their own lifestyles and social networks.
3.Emphasizing community responsibility.
The development of community care is a change in the social welfare system of the welfare state, which changes the past approach of relying solely on the provision of resources and services to the sharing of care responsibilities among the welfare state, for-profit organizations, voluntary organizations, communities, families and individuals.
4. Advocate the establishment of a community of mutual care The community is an important platform for establishing social care.
The community care model emphasizes the mobilization of family members, community residents and volunteers to build mutual support and love relationships among community residents to counter the alienation and loneliness brought about by individualism and urbanization. From the definition of community care, it can be seen that the goal of the process of community care is to build a caring community, which is also the ideal and ultimate goal of community care.
Indirect implementation of community development
1) Theme: Focus on "human" development, develop residents' capabilities, knowledge and spirit of cooperation.
2) Practice: Start from the root and inspire from the bottom up. The needs and common problems of the community are identified through the discussion and thinking of the residents together, using a process of self-education and self-organization, with the assistance of staff. The specific work steps are as follows: first, the staff should first establish a friendly relationship with the residents and gain trust;Second, the staff works with the residents to seek out the problems of the community and the wishes of the residents;Third, identify the pressing issues and come up with a feasible planFourth, plan and act together, mobilize and utilize internal resources, and seek external assistanceFifth, ** assist them in their self-help programs and provide funding.
3) Advantages: It meets local needs and can reap the effect of "rooting". For residents, it is conducive to the cultivation and construction of residents' sense of responsibility, belonging and public morality;For **, it is an effective way to encourage residents to help themselves, help each other and cooperate;In terms of education, it is practical and concrete social educationEconomically, it is the only way to use the people's power to carry out local construction.
4) Disadvantages: It is not easy to manage, and it requires not only local people who are really enthusiastic about public welfare, but also well-trained and conscientious staff. This kind of work process, which depends entirely on education and organization, is slow for the first class, and it is not easy to please and perform because it is an invisible construction. From the standpoint of individual administrative performance, this approach is not easy to adopt. Moreover, people choose programs that do not necessarily meet the intentions of the state or localities, and are often reluctant to fund them.
Based on the above analysis, the direct method is easy to see, but difficult to lastIndirect methods are difficult to achieve and easy to take root.
In social planning, community workers mainly play the role of experts. In other words, from the formulation of planning to the understanding of the mission and goals of the service organization, from the analysis of the external environment and internal institutions of the community to the assessment of needs to the formulation of work plans and intervention strategies, from the implementation of operational planning to the summary and evaluation, community workers have always acted as a collection of facts, analysts of needs and problems, formulators of programs, organizers, implementers and coordinators of actions, evaluators of effectiveness, and reflectors.
The role of community workers as administrators, leaders or decision-makers in social planning is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) The role of the planner of the project. Act as an expert, relying entirely on technical rationality to investigate community problems, analyze the factual conditions of the community, evaluate various service programs, and plan community services.
2) The role of the project manager. As a project manager, responsible for the management of business operations, finance, personnel, materials and other management in the entire implementation process of the project, to ensure the effective implementation of the service project.
3) The role of supervising implementation. Act as a supervisor, monitor the progress of business execution, collect opinions and information in the process of business execution, feedback to decision-makers and managers, and coordinate the good execution of projects.
4) The coordinating role of professionals. Act as a coordinator to provide services for professional and technical personnel, coordinate the collaboration of different professions, and jointly complete the tasks of community service and community building.
5) The role of mobilizing residents' participation and feedback. Act as an organizer and feedback, organize residents to participate in the community construction planning process of relevant departments, put forward their own needs and opinions, accept relevant services, and put forward suggestions for improvement of service plans.
Community care services have a wide range of services and a wide range of services, with different characteristics of the service recipients. Professionalization and integration of community care places higher demands on social workers. Social workers face the challenge of professionalization. A client often needs a group of social workers to provide a full range of services for them, i.e. different social workers play different professional roles in community care, and different professional roles adopt different working skills and strategies.
At the macro level, the main intervention techniques are as follows: human resource mobilization, community liaison, community education, operational training and social legislation.
1.Redeployment of human resources.
Mobilizing community residents to participate in community care has become an important part of the work of social workers. To this end, social workers should formulate relevant recruitment plans, training plans, and incentive plans. Recruitment programmes ensure that community care is adequately supported by manpower;The training programme ensures that lay people acquire the basic knowledge and skills of community care;The incentive scheme ensures that the community caregivers have a stable workforce with an increasing level of service.
2.Community Liaison.
The purpose of community liaison is to strengthen the connection between the community and society, establish a good community image, and obtain long-term funding and support from the community for community care. As such, it is an important PR campaign for the community. Community liaison can often take the form of press conferences, fundraisers, sororities, and the development of promotional materials.
3.Community education.
The purpose of community care is to ensure that people in need of care can lead a normal life in the community. Therefore, the first step should be to make the entire community, including those in need of care, aware that the person in need of care is a normal person. Only in this way can people in need of care have the confidence to resume normal life, and residents in other communities will not discriminate against people in need of care, thereby strengthening the confidence of people in need of care.
Social workers can carry out community education according to the actual situation of the residents in the community, and the common methods include: carrying out community care publicity, holding community care talks, and holding discussions with people who have close contact with people in need of care.
4.Business training.
All types of people involved in community care, including specialist staff, need some training in community care. The training of non-professionals is mainly to master certain knowledge and skills of community care;The training of specialized staff is mainly aimed at keeping abreast of the latest developments in community care and new service skills;The training of persons in need of care is mainly aimed at enhancing their understanding of themselves so that they can actively cooperate with community care work.
5.Social legislation.
With the development of community care, some of the more mature experiences and practices should be recognized through social legislation. With the help of social legislation, the gains of community care can be consolidated and community care can be promoted. Therefore, social workers should make use of relevant social resources to make legislative proposals at an appropriate time.
6. What are the connotations of community service?
Starting from the concept of community service, combined with the practice of community service, community service has the following six aspects.
1.* Take a leading role in community service.
* Play a macro guiding role in community services, promote community services through the formulation of relevant policies, grasp the development direction of community services, and establish a good social environment for the development of community services. At present, the leading role of ** in community service is reflected in many aspects: the development of development plans and policy measures for community services;Macro-management and operational guidance of community services;Establish community public welfare undertakings;Guide and support social forces to carry out various community services in the form of "first-class purchase of services and project-based operation".
2.Community service is based on cooperation with society.
At the grassroots level, in order to effectively perform the functions of community services, district and sub-district offices provide funding, space, manpower and policy support for community services, such as the establishment of community service centers at the district level or at the sub-district level. At the same time, community service also has the characteristics of socialized operation, and it is necessary to establish an operating mechanism that is dominated by social operation. As grassroots mass autonomous organizations, neighborhood committees are important organizations for the organization, implementation, and operation of community services. Neighborhood committees mobilize social forces, develop community resources, and rely on various community service organizations and entities such as social service stations, service stations for the elderly, and community volunteer service organizations to provide residents with various forms of community services to meet the various needs of community residents. In addition to neighborhood committees, community social organizations and district units are also important organizations that provide community services.
3.Community service is based on mass mutual aid activities.
Community service is based on mass self-service activities. Community residents are not only the objects of community services, but also the main body of community services. The active participation of community residents and mutual assistance is the basis and condition for doing a good job in community services. Without the active participation of community residents, community service will become a source of water and a tree without roots.
4.Community services are oriented to all residents of the community, and vulnerable groups are the focus of community services.
The target of community services is not limited to vulnerable groups such as the elderly, the disabled, teenagers, the poor, and laid-off unemployed workers, but also covers all residents of the community. Community services not only provide welfare services for the disadvantaged groups, but also provide convenient life services and public welfare services for ordinary residents in the community. The purpose of community service is to meet the growing material and cultural needs of all types of community members and to improve people's living standards and quality of life. As a welfare measure, the residents of the community are entitled to it, but the disadvantaged groups need it more. Therefore, vulnerable groups are the focus of community services.
5.Community service focuses on social benefits.
The purpose of community service is to meet the material and cultural needs of community residents, enhance residents' sense of community, and create a good social environment. Therefore, community service focuses on social benefits. Of course, the possibility of providing community services for a fee is not excluded. However, even if it is paid, it should follow the principle of convenience for the people and small profits.
6.Community service is one of the important elements of social security.
By its very nature, community service is a social welfare undertaking. Carrying out community services is conducive to solving the problems of living difficulties of disadvantaged groups and improving the living standards of community residents. It can be said that community services provide an important livelihood guarantee for residents in the community.
7. What are the characteristics of community education?
1) Have the concept of big education. Great education refers to all levels and types of education within a certain region, and is a general term for various educational factors such as primary and secondary education, first-class education, out-of-school education, and family education. The core is to realize the unity of education socialization and social education. Education should be integrated into the social system, so that education and society can be integrated, and the function of education is no longer unique to schools.
2) Educate all members of the community. It is intended for all members of the community, including young children, teenagers, ** and the elderly. Community education should focus on improving the overall quality of all members of the community, on the development and utilization of education, and in particular, on establishing a lifelong education system to provide conditions for individuals to complete lifelong education.
3) The development of education combined with community development Community education is not an end in itself, the real purpose is to make education better serve the construction and development of the community, and to improve the quality of life of community members.
4) Gather and coordinate various educational factors. When carrying out community education, it is necessary to link the various organizations and institutions in the community with the educational organizations and give play to their overall role. There is both cooperation, crossing, and division of labor between various organizations;It not only forms a joint force, but also exerts its own enthusiasm. Realize "special management of all strips and unified management of blocks". Education and the community are two-way initiating and mutually promoting, community education promotes community development, community development promotes community education, and realizes the integration of education and society, and the integration of education and society.
5) Based on the characteristics of the community. We must carry out multi-form, multi-level, and multi-type community education in accordance with the characteristics of our own regions and with our own specific humanities, geography, and social characteristics.
8. How to understand the characteristics of community corrections.
The punitive nature of community corrections means that community corrections is a punishment for offenders. Community correction is a criminal sanction imposed and adopted by the judicial organ and some other state organs after it is confirmed that an individual has committed a crime, which embodies the negative and condemnatory nature of the criminal law. The punitive nature of community corrections is mainly directed at offenders. Punitive is embodied in:
1) Community corrections subjects should obey supervision and management;
2) Community corrections subjects' personal freedom and movement are subject to certain restrictions;
3) Community corrections subjects are unable to exercise some rights and must perform some legally-prescribed obligations;
4) Community corrections subjects should bear the punitive consequences of violating oversight and management rules, violating obligations, and so forth.
Non-custodial means that community corrections does not need to take the subject of community corrections into a prison or other penal enforcement institution to enforce the sentence. This is one of the most important features of community corrections compared to other forms of correction.
One of the basic concepts of community corrections is to help correctional clients establish normal ties with society and promote their reintegration into the community. Community corrections emphasizes that the activities of corrections subjects are closely integrated with community life, and that corrections subjects complete correctional activities in the community, actively participate in the activities of the community where they live, and accept supervision and assistance from the community. Correspondingly, the community provides assistance to correctional and rehabilitation, and educational activities for correctional subjects, so that they can make full use of community resources to carry out corrections.
9. What principles should be followed when community workers establish a professional relationship with their clients?
Principles to be followed by a community worker to establish a professional relationship with a client:
The principle of admitting the client.
Workers should not have prejudices or prejudices against the client, and should serve the client with understanding and respect. The purpose is to eliminate the psychological barriers of the client, so that he can reveal his thoughts in a relaxed environment, so as to fully and accurately understand the client's problems and better assist the client to solve the problem.
Principles of communication.
Not only regarded the client as a work object, but also regarded him as his bosom friend, treated the client with a sincere attitude, and actively expressed his willingness to help the client and the implementation of the help plan, so that the client felt that he was not pitying him, but sincerely helping him.
Respect the principle of privacy and confidentiality of the client.
The worker should abide by the professional ethics of respecting the privacy and confidentiality of the client, and keep the information and materials about the client obtained during the interaction between the two parties secret, so that the client's personal privacy and rights and interests are not infringed upon by a third party.
The principle of client participation and self-determination.
Instead of overstepping their responsibilities and doing everything for the client, the worker should guide the client to actively participate in the analysis of the problem, help the client understand himself, cultivate a sound personality of self-esteem, self-confidence, and rationality, improve the courage, ability, and habit of solving problems, and re-enter the new social life.
Principle of individualization.
Workers should treat clients differently, require workers to be different from each other, prescribe the right medicine, and pay attention to the differences in the client's physical, psychological, and social environment, as well as their personal feelings and views on the problem.
The principle of role reversal.
Workers should stand in the perspective of the client, put themselves in the client's shoes, and not just fix themselves on the subject of work, so as to better realize the interaction between the worker and the client, and the unity of subject and object.