In the forty-first year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong ordered the compilation of the book "Biography of Erchen", which recorded the traitors in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Among the 120 figures, four Han feudal kings made "meritorious contributions", but rebelled in the later "Rebellion of the Three Feudatories". Why are there only three of them?Who was the last vassal king?Why are they anti-Qing?
Behind the scenes of the rebellion of the three feudatories**.
In "The Biography of Erchen", three vassal kings with different surnames, Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi, and Geng Jingzhong, topped the list, and they became the most important rulers of the Qing Dynasty after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The migration of the Manchurians and the civil strife of the Ming Dynasty provided the Manchus with the opportunity to seize the world. However, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, these three feudal kings caused the "Three Feudatories Rebellion" due to Emperor Kangxi's policy of cutting feudal domains.
The betrayal and surrender of the king with a different surname.
After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to consolidate its rule, the Qing Dynasty appointed some Southern Ming surrendered ** as generals to form the main force against the remnants of the Ming Dynasty. In order to seek glory and wealth, these kings with different surnames actually killed their compatriots, such as Shang Kexi, who caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in the "Guangzhou Da**" and "Chaonan Da**", and became the heroes of the Qing Dynasty.
The policy of cutting feudal domains during the Kangxi period.
In order to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor decided to reduce the fiefdoms and titles of the vassal kings and deprive them of real power. This led to Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong and other vassal kings rebelling against the Qing Dynasty and playing the banner of "Xingming and Seeking Capture". However, among them, Shang Kexi showed loyalty, but was placed under house arrest by his son, and Shang Zhixin joined the anti-Qing team.
The last vassal king: Kong Youde.
The only vassal king who did not participate in the rebellion was Kong Youde, who was appreciated for his military prowess during the Ming Dynasty. However, the Ming Dynasty executed Mao Wenlong because he was not strict in governing the army, which made Kong Youde surrender to the Qing Dynasty in frustration. He became the first king with a different surname to be crowned, but eventually lost his life in a battle with Li Dingguo, and the fief was recovered by the Qing Dynasty.
A traitor who has been stinking for thousands of years.
In order to save their lives or seek glory and wealth, these kings with different surnames chose to surrender to the Qing Dynasty and betray their own bloodline. Their actions were not only spurned by later generations, but also brought infamy to them and their families. In contrast, Wen Tianxiang and Yue Fei of the Song Dynasty and Qin Liangyu and Li Dingguo of the Ming Dynasty are still praised for their loyalty.
Epilogue: The tragic end of the king with a different surname.
The rebellion of the three feudatories was finally put down by Kangxi, and the Qing regime gradually stabilized. However, the Qing Dynasty's policies of "closing the country to the outside world" caused controversy and left behind historical mysteries. These vassal kings were not only infamous through the ages after their deaths, but their families were also implicated and became traitors who have been infamous in history for thousands of years. The stark contrast between loyalty and betrayal is still worth pondering today.
This article provides a detailed interpretation of the complex historical events of how the kings of the Qianlong Dynasty surrendered to the Manchus and triggered the rebellion of the three feudatories. Through the analysis of the 120 characters recorded in the Biography of Erchen, the author reveals the betrayal and surrender of the four Han vassal kings, as well as their fate after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. Here is a review of the article:
First of all, the article successfully outlines the social landscape of that turbulent period through vivid descriptions and detailed historical backgrounds. Behind the establishment of the Qing Dynasty was the migration of the Manchurians and the civil strife of the Ming Dynasty, which provided the opportunity for kings with different surnames to seize the world. In introducing the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the author particularly highlights the historical background of the Manchurians' initial looting of resources in towns near the Ming Dynasty, so that readers can better understand the rise of the Qing Dynasty.
Secondly, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the performance of kings with different surnames after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. Through the description of the atrocities of Shang Kexi and other vassal kings, the article vividly shows the crimes of these vassal kings who betrayed and ** their compatriots in order to seek glory and wealth. This section reveals the ruthlessness and cruelty behind the conspiracy, leaving the reader with a deep revulsion towards these historical figures.
Third, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the policy of cutting feudal domains in the Kangxi period and the "rebellion of the three feudatories" it caused. In order to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi adopted a policy of cutting feudal domains, which led to the rebellion of the vassal kings against the Qing Dynasty, forming the "Rebellion of the Three Feudatories". In the course of the implementation of this policy, the attitudes and fates of different feudal kings were sharply different, which made the whole historical event more colorful.
Finally, through Kong Youde's deeds, the article highlights the loyal spirit of "loyal ministers do not matter to the two masters". Kong Youde was appreciated by Mao Wenlong during the Ming Dynasty, but was executed for political reasons and finally chose to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. This turn of events shows the difficult choices made by historical figures in the face of adversity, reflecting the intertwining of political turmoil and individual destinies at the time.
Overall, this article enriches the history of that period by providing an in-depth interpretation of historical events and vivid portrayal of historical figures. At the same time, the ** on the themes of intrigue, betrayal, loyalty, etc., enables readers to not only understand history in the process of reading, but also think about the relationship between human nature and history. This is a thought-provoking historical commentary**.
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