Perceptual cognition: one-sided, phenomenal, external connections. Rational cognition: the whole, the essence, the connection within.Earlier, we said that the perceptual knowledge is upgraded to the rational understanding by logical reasoning, that is, 1) by logical reasoning, the information is read to the whole - that is, the whole is formed.
2) Use logical reasoning to establish connections between information – i.e., internal connections.
3) Use logical reasoning to extract the essence from the information - that is, the essence.
We use dialectics to understand this sentence again, 1) the one-sided and the whole (comprehensive) constitute a set of positive and negative sides, 2) the phenomenon and essence constitute a set of positive and negative sides, and 3) the outer and inner constitute a set of positive and negative sides, just because what we come into contact with first is always one-sided, always phenomena, always external connections, that is to say, the first contact is always perceptual cognition.
Therefore, the process of reading information to gain cognition is also the process of connecting the opposite. That is, to connect the opposite, we get a rational understanding.
Therefore, there are two ways to obtain rational understanding, 1. Use logical reasoning.
2. Use the opposite side of the connection.
For example,
Chiang Kai-shek made a speech on 27 January, saying that the incident in southern Anhui was only a so-called issue of military discipline and a local issue, and we must explain that it was a political issue, an overall issue, and a diplomatic issue, and it was one aspect of the surrender pushed by the Japanese and the pro-Japanese faction.The opposite side of the military (military discipline) issue is politics, the opposite side of the local is the overall situation, and the internal opposite is diplomacy, so that when reading Chiang Kai-shek's information, a rational understanding was obtained.
By connecting the opposite, the perceptual understanding moves towards the rational understanding.
For example,
There are two departments of Lin Yang in the Wutai area, which is very sufficient, and if He Shi goes again, it will lose its strategic significance.That is, to connect with the opposite of a tactical action - strategy, and find that this tactical action has no corresponding strategic significance, so you can cancel this action - this is rational understanding.
For example, less contact more.
There was a stronghold where the enemy had only four men. The soldiers of the Eighth Route Army watched them at ease. They corrected that "they have four hundred soldiers on their side, not four!."”
We dismounted and smoked with the warriors. They admit it;"We were told not to touch them. The boss said, "Once we have this fort, the Japanese will send reinforcements." ”
These four people are a perceptual cognition, and the 400 are rational cognition - from rational cognition, rational action can be derived - do not move it, and from perceptual understanding derive perceptual action - move them.
For example, more contact less.
**: Although the enemy has more than 40 divisions and nearly 400,000 horses, attacking in 3 ways, in fact, it can only be counted as 3 divisions and 40,000 horses. ......You can take advantage of the enemy's factional conflict and try to eliminate Chen Cheng's three divisions, then the enemy's nearly 400,000 troops will collapse on their own. Therefore, I say that the enemy has an army of nearly 400,000 troops, and he can only have 40,000 men. ”
The understanding of these 400,000 people is emotional, but the understanding of 40,000 people is rational, and from reason, they get rational action, and concentrate their forces on attacking these 40,000 people.
So, by connecting the opposite, it is possible to get rational action – and rational action comes from the opposite side of the connection.