On November 13, 2023, the first day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar, the author and the calligraphy students of Qiongtai Academy visited Wenchangpu Qianxibei Academy.
The lake at the main entrance of the academy is like a huge ink pool, and the two loquat trees of the same age as the academy are like two huge pens like rafters, which are writing Pan Cun's ideal and original intention of "self-cultivation and family governance and peace in the world". Although he is revered by the Japanese as the origin of modern Japanese calligraphy, calligraphy is only a remnant of his time.
Pan Cunqiren
Pan Cun (1817-1893) was born in the twelfth lunar month of the 22nd year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty in Gangtou Village, Wenchangpu, and entered a private school at the age of seven. In the twelfth and thirteenth year, the pen is written, gushing endlessly, and he is called a prodigy. Pan Cun was promoted in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), and soon went to Beijing to take the examination of the Ministry of Rites and Rites, and served as the head of the Ministry of Households. After that, Pan Cun lived in Beijing for 30 years, Geng Zhi was loyal to him, evil as hatred, and never attached himself to the powerful, so he was not allowed to be promoted, but the secretary knew his virtue, and he had a very close friendship, and he would discuss it with anyone who had any suggestions.
Pan Cun has spare time from business, studies the scriptures and history, flooded through hundreds of schools, works in poetry and ancient dictionaries, and is the author of "The Collection of Self-denial", "Ten Principles of Learning", "Feeling of Appreciating Flowers", "Tracing the Origin of the Law", etc., and the descendants have "The Posthumous Collection of Mr. Pan Ruchu". At that time, Liang Dingfen, a Guangdong Jinshi, praised: "Mr. Ruchu, a contemporary Confucian." At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Hainan celebrities such as Feng Jisheng, Zeng Xiangyan, Wang Guoxian, etc. were all his disciples.
Pan Cun is a person who lives in the world with virtue as the top and is pragmatic. This can be seen from the "Ten Principles of Doctrine" and the "Collection of Self-denial" recorded by him today. For example, in the "Collection of Self-denial", it is said: "A gentleman is based on benevolence and righteousness, and literature and art are secondary." "The sages and sages are knowledgeable, and they are not rich in speech. "When I read the words of the Analects and Mencius, I saw the virtue of them, and forgot the beauty of them. "This is a true capture of the essence of Confucian culture, so you can climb high and look far, have a wide field of vision, and enter the room, and experience it from the ordinary. As he said: "If you don't climb the mountains, you don't know the height of the sky."If you don't kiss the saints, you don't know how big it is. ”
Pan Zheng said in "On the Ten Principles of Doctrine": "In the world, it is better to be pragmatic than to seek refinement. The fruit can be real, fine is good, coarse is good, and from coarse can be fine. If it is not pragmatic and fine, it is empty talk on paper, and the disadvantages are beyond words. "Show Pan Cun's attitude of applying what he has learned, and not talking on paper.
Pan Cun is not only erudite, but also upright. Feng Jisheng's "Bang Pan Ruchu Mr. Lian" has a cloud: "The science is passed on to Lu Xiangshan, the sorcerer Gu Tinglin, Qu Zhilinghai is virtuous, and the spirit is pushing this old man;."If Chen Tongfu is discussed, his temperament is like Lu Zhonglian, what does it mean to meet the dragon and snake, and after Kang Cheng died, he was a person. ”
Supervising the imperial history Deng Chengxiu and Pan Cun were friendly, known as the "Iron Man", was the "Qing School" in the court, loyal and straightforward, and had ** Li Hanzhang, Chongxun, Xu Tingxu. Deng had a draft of the chapter and discussed it with Pan Cun.
Yan Jingming, the secretary of the household department, was very respectful to Pan Cun, and Pan Cun resigned in his later years and begged to rest, and Yan couldn't stay.
Pan Zheng's subordinate Cao stayed for 30 years and was not selected, and his friend Huang Zunxian's "Poems of the Twilight of the Year" "Thirty Years of Cold Signature" was choked.
According to historical records: "The former governor Zhang Zhidong respects his people the most, and he is the most respectful of his people, the grandeur of his arms, the essence of discussion, and the general trend of the world, which is especially difficult for people to reach." ”
Pan Cun was the first to propose the establishment of Hainan Province. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the French colonists launched a war of aggression and repeatedly invaded the waters of Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and Qiongzhou. The two governors of Liangguang, Zhang Shusheng and Zhang Zhidong, successively appointed him as the regimental training of Leizhou and Qiongzhou, training sailors to guard the coastal defense, Jing's internal and external defenses, and operating guards, so that the place could be peaceful, and the imperial court gave him the rank of four grades. At that time, Pan Cun proposed to the imperial court the "Proposal for the Reconstruction of Qiongzhou Province", and personally wrote the reasons and strategies for the establishment of the province, and submitted it to Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangguang. Zhang Zhidong attached great importance to this suggestion, but due to the chaos of state affairs, Zhang Zhidong was soon transferred, and the plan to set up a province failed.
Creation of the Academy
Pan Cun inscribed the "lecture hall" and "Jingzheng Building" for Xibei Academy. Photo by Hainan ** reporter Chen Geng.
Pan Cun is enthusiastic about public welfare and takes education as his heart. His political ambitions were not realized, and as a doer, Pan Cun turned to teaching and educating people and founded a college. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), he was invited by Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong, to teach at Fenghu Academy in Huizhou.
Later, Pan Cun was homesick and returned to Qiongzhang Suquan Academy and Wenchang Wei Academy. In order to express his admiration for Qiu Wenzhuang, he planned to build Qidian Academy, but unfortunately it failed.
In the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), with the help of Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Liangguang, and Zhu Cai, Lei Qiong, Pan Cun was able to establish Xibei Academy in his hometown, purchase books, and educate future generations, realizing his lifelong wish and making outstanding contributions to the education of Hainan.
Xibei Academy, located in the north of Zhuxi River, Puqian Town, Wenchang City, covers an area of more than 20 acres and a construction area of more than 10,000 square meters. After completion, the scale is second only to Qiongtai Academy in Hainan, and it is now a "national key cultural relics protection unit".
The academy sits in the north and faces south, and the mountain gate is opened in the south, with three rooms wide. In front of the door, there is a half-moon-shaped artificial lake, the water surface is sparkling, and the lotus leaves are slightly swinging, which increases the spirituality of the academy, and seems to imply that the goodness is like water, and the heart is calm like water.
The plaque at the gate of Xibei Academy is inscribed by Pan Cun** Yang Shoujing. Photo by Hainan ** reporter Chen Geng.
Above the mountain gate, the four big characters of the door plaque of "Xibei Academy" are the inscriptions of Pan Cun's protégé and the famous calligrapher Yang Shoujing in the late Qing Dynasty. On both sides of the gate, "maintaining customs and educating talents" is written by Pan Cun, expounding the school's philosophy of running a school, calligraphy is like a modern person, and it should be a supplement for future generations. The academy takes "advocating practical learning, dismissing hypocrisy, eliminating vulgar Xi, eliminating heresies, and upholding people's hearts" as its educational purpose.
After the entrance is a courtyard, and beyond the courtyard is a group of courtyard-style buildings, connected by corridors on the left and right sides. The academy is composed of five parts: the head gate, the lecture hall, the main building, the house, and the east and west corridors, surrounded by walls, all bricks and tiles, and the houses are mostly decorated with openwork and flowers, birds, and beasts, which are antique.
The second entrance lecture hall is a place for the academy to explain the scriptures. Hang the wooden plaque of "lecture hall" above, and hang the couplet written by Pan Cun on the two pillars of the original lecture hall: "There is no other way to learn, and to benefit the body and mind, the country, and the world;."The book is extremely extensive, and it is compromised in the Spring and Autumn Period of Yishu Poetry. "It's a pity that it no longer exists.
The main hall of the three entrances is the "main building". The wooden plaques of "Lecture Hall" and "Jingzheng Building" are all inscribed by Pan Cun.
If you look closely, you can see that the traditional character "書" in Xibei Academy is missing a horizontal line, and the word "講" in the lecture hall is missing a horizontal and vertical character, which is a reduction made by calligraphy for the sake of artistic beauty. Some people explained: This is Pan Cun and Yang Shoujing telling future generations that in a person's life, as a student, there are endless books to read, and as a teacher, there is endless learning, and both teachers and students have endless learning, which shows that Pan Cun had good intentions when he built Xibei Academy at that time. This is, of course, a beautiful explanation for teaching people to be motivated.
In order to build the academy, Pan Cunzhen put all his efforts into it. In 1893, after nearly three years of intense construction, just as the academy was about to be completed, Pan Cun became ill due to overwork and unfortunately died, which became the regret of his life. In order to remedy this shortcoming, on November 18, on the occasion of the 130th anniversary of the completion of Xibei Academy, the college held an inauguration ceremony, inviting professional actors to play Pan Cun.
It should be noted that the "Jingzheng Building" was damaged by a typhoon and was rebuilt into the current two-story building in 1921, which is still well preserved. In 2014, Xibei Academy was ravaged by Super Typhoon Rammasun, which was badly damaged, and the lecture hall and loquat trees were the tallest, but they were unharmed. In recent years, the relevant departments have allocated a huge amount of money to repair the college, so that it has the appearance of repairing the old as before.
Calligraphy everyone
Pan Cunxing's work "Excerpt of Baiju Yi Taihu Lake Stone Record" vertical scroll. Lin Youkui provides.
As an intellectual in the Confucian tradition, Pan Cun advocated the idea of establishing morality, making speeches, and making meritorious contributions. Although calligraphy was his spare time and scholarly writing, it made him a famous figure in the history of calligraphy, especially his influence on modern Japanese calligraphy.
Pan Cun's calligraphy started with Ouyang Xun's "Jiucheng Palace Liquan Ming", and Xi Erwang Xiaokai, and later felt that Ou Shu was restrained, but transferred to Yan Zhenqing, Mi Qian and other cursive scripts, and You Xi Yan Lugong's "Fighting for the Seat". At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Pan Cun responded to the rise of stele studies, and devoted himself to the study of gold and stone, and tried his best to collect the steles of the Han and Wei dynasties and the Six Dynasties for collation and research. Pan Cun in the "Zheng Wengong Monument" and "Zhang Menglong Monument" monuments are particularly diligent, and the "Zheng Wengong Monument" is vigorous, into the wood three points, natural and vivid, compared with the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China calligrapher Li Ruiqing's vigor is natural. Qing Xu Ke's "Qing Barnyard Banknotes and Arts" said: "Pan Cunming is not connected to the world, he is omniscient in learning, he has one of his arts, and he borrows enough from famous artists. Make a book every day, smear it with your hand, and throw it away in a paper basket. Taste "Jiucheng Palace", close to the real handwriting, write small Kai also hang the wrist, with three fingers to pinch the end of the pen. "It uses the pen to get the whole body of the ancients to reach the method, deep in the north stele vigorous and through the seal, the fusion of the strengths of each family and the formation of their own style, especially thanks to the "Zheng Wengong Monument" of the grass seal and Yan Zhenqing's grace and quiet.
Pan Cun compiled and published in 1877 on the cover of "Tracing the Origin of the Law". Photo by Hainan ** reporter Chen Geng.
Pan exists in Xibei Academy inscribed regular script "lecture hall", line Kai "Jing Zheng Lou" two list of book plaques, can be described as a masterpiece, the single word is one meter square, is majestic, majestic, thick and mus, non-minded people who love the world, can not have this bearing, can not have this atmosphere. Pan preserves this book as a human being.
The book "Excerpt of Baiju Yi Taihu Lake Stone Record" is a vertical scroll, which is the work of Pan Cun's middle-aged meridians, with continuous momentum, force through the back of the paper, and free to relax, which is the essence of the late Ming Dynasty. As a master of calligraphy with the integration of inscriptions, he, together with Li Wentian, Deng Chengxiu and other calligraphers of the Lingnan Tablet School, contributed to the transformation of the Lingnan calligraphy scene in the late Qing Dynasty, and played a role in the rise of the calligraphy of the Tablet School.
Pan Cunyu's contribution and influence on calligraphy also lies in the compilation of the book "Tracing the Origin of the Law", which cultivated Yang Shoujing and Lin Wuzhu, a master of Japanese calligraphy.
"Kaifa Tracing the Origin" is an important calligraphy work of the Qing Dynasty, a total of 14 volumes, preceded by ancient monuments, a volume of collection of posts. Pan Cun's original series, edited and printed by **Yang Shoujing, was published in Wuchang, Hubei Province in the third year of Guangxu (1877).
The book is a regular script compilation, including the regular script of the Han Dynasty to the five dynasties in a compilation, a total of 646 kinds of ancient steles, brick inscriptions, statues, 82 kinds of collection posts, each word is according to the size of the original stele, double hook copying, and indicate the source, detailed research, where the famous stele is mostly there. About 20,000 words are collected in the book, excluding 3,498 words of repeated actual receipts. A word is often collected from dozens of inscriptions, and the choice of version is only true and beautiful, rather lacking than excessive.
The book is intended to trace the origin of the regular script, showing the transmutation and development of the regular script, which is not only a famous compilation of calligraphy art, but also a large-scale reference book of great practical value for learning and Xi the regular script and studying the regular script. Regarding the value and influence of this book, Pan Cun's nephew Pan Weiyuan said: "The origin of the six books of the mirror is the ...... of the fallacy of the BaishiThe primary school exhibition is repurchased, and all of them are purchased at home, which is regarded as Hongbao. ”
Pan Cun and Yang Shoujing are really teachers and friends. Yang Shoujing (1839-1915) was an outstanding geographer, philographer, bibliographer, and calligrapher in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. He said in his self-defined chronology: "Time and space are in the capital, and it is still far from the meeting, and it is ...... dilemma."At the beginning of Confucianism, the poor Beijing officials were too busy to take care of themselves, and they cut food and clothing to help their poor ......Keep respectful and listen to the introduction, and wisdom will open day by day. He also said: "Respect to the capital, because Suixi Chen Jun Qiao Sen Wenchang Mr. Pan Ruchu, began to learn from the gold and stone, Mr. fine penmanship, Jing also tried his best to help search, every time he got a monument, Mr. pointed out its essence, thinking that it was the essence of the ancients. He is erudite and knowledgeable, and he is rare to match. It can be seen that Pan Cun is too busy to take care of himself, and he also saves food and clothing to help Yang Shoujing overcome the difficulties in life. Yang had a very high opinion of Pan's learning, so he studied the study of gold and stone from him. Some important details of the process of compiling the "Tracing the Origin of the Regular Law" are also explained.
Yang Shoujing later came to Japan as a diplomat, and brought with him the "Tracing the Origin of the Law" and a large number of Han and Wei inscriptions, which spread the stele to Japan. The Japanese calligraphy community was shocked and eye-opening, and since then Japanese calligraphy has begun to enter the process of modern monument learning. Yang Shoujing is also revered as the "father of modern Japanese calligraphy", because of Yang Shoujing's publicity, Pan Cun's calligraphy is well-known in the Japanese calligraphy and painting circles. In the "History of Chinese Calligraphy" published in Taiwan, only two southerners have been included in modern times, Kang Youwei and Pan Cun, which shows the high reputation of his calligraphy art.
In 1877, He Ruzhang served as the minister to Japan, and the attaché Yu Yuanmei was the teacher of Zhonglin Wuzhu. In October of the following year, Yu Yuanmei took Zhonglin Wuzhu across the sea to Beijing via Shanghai and Tianjin, and introduced him to Pan Cun. Zhonglin Wuzhu worships Pan Cun as a teacher to learn Xi calligraphy, gets the know-how of Pan's penmanship, and learns to get Pan's inscription: "Mr. Wuzhu, a Japanese celebrity, has ancient calligraphy, and the seal is divided into tones, and the grass is complete." ”
After returning to the Japanese Forest, Wuzhu eventually became a master, as the "Saint of the Book of Ginza", and Iwatani.
One. Sixth, the lower part of the Narutsuru is also known as the Meiji Three Masters.
Kunihiko Sugimura, a famous Japanese calligrapher, has an article entitled "The Origin of Modern Japanese Calligraphy - Pan Cun" in "Research on the History of Calligraphy Exchange between Japan and China in Modern Times", which shows the great influence of Pan Cun's calligraphy in Japan. Pan Cun can afford such an evaluation, because he has two proud protégés - Yang Shoujing and Zhonglin Wuzhu, and also because of the charm of Pan Cun's calligraphy art.
One hundred and thirty years later, how many dignitaries have been forgotten by history, and we still remember Pan Cun, who is doing in his life to be virtuous and to benefit the country and the people, which is the inspiration for today's education and the meaning of our commemoration of him.
*:Hainan**.
Author: Lin Youkui (Professor of Qiongtai Normal University and member of the Chinese Calligraphers Association).
Note: This ** is published by Wenchang Publishing, editing and publishing** must indicate the source.
Disclaimer: Some *** on the Internet, if there is any infringement of your rights and interests, please contact us directly, we will delete or negotiate the license to use.
Submission email wenchangfabu@126com