Based on the ecological construction and green industry development plan of Wushan County in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (2021-2035), this paper analyzes the current situation of resources in Wushan County, and puts forward key construction contents from the aspects of building a solid ecological barrier, improving forest quality, optimizing ecological security, and adjusting the industrial structure, in order to build Wushan County into a green pearl in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and provide reference for the green development of other regions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
1. The current situation of ecological construction in Wushan County
1.1 Status quo of forest resource conservation.
By the end of 2019, the area of the county included in the ** financial forest ecological benefit compensation was 13680,000 hectares, and a total of 3950,000 hectares;Project of returning farmland to forest 210,000 hectares;1.38 million hectares of public welfare forests were protected and constructedYangtze River Shelterbelt Project 0150,000 hectares;Young and middle-aged forests are tended 040,000 hectares;Afforestation subsidy 0660,000 hectares. Through years of ecological protection and construction in the county, the forest stock has reached 6.15 million cubic meters, and the forest coverage rate has reached 5835%。The forest coverage rate is higher than that of Chongqing 825 percentage points.
1.2 Status quo of the construction of nature reserves.
In 2020, Wushan County preliminarily completed the integration and optimization plan of nature reserves in the county, and after the optimization, Wushan County has a total of 5 nature reserves, including Chongqing Wulipo National Nature Reserve, Chongqing Wushan Jiangnan Municipal Nature Reserve, Chongqing Wushan Yangtze River Three Gorges Nature Park, Chongqing Wushan Small Three Gorges Nature Park and Chongqing Wushan Liziping Nature Park. After integration and optimization, the total area of protected areas in Wushan County is 12205221 hectares, which is 41 percent of the country's land area26%。
1.3 The current situation of land greening.
Since 1999, Wushan County has implemented and constructed major national forestry ecological projects, including the project of returning farmland to forest, the construction of shelter forest system in the Yangtze River Basin, the protection of natural forest resources, the protection of wild animals and plants and the construction of nature reserves, the protection and restoration of wetlands, the control of rocky desertification, the construction of public welfare forests, the ecological demonstration project of agricultural development and forestry, and the afforestation of barren mountains. Cumulative afforestation 130912 as of 201930hm2.Among them: afforestation 12024560 hm2.Aerial seeding afforestation 1066670 hm2.Since the implementation of various projects, remarkable results have been achieved, and the ecological environment has been further improved. The existing park green space area in the county is 279 hm2The area of green space in parks per capita is 141m2;The green coverage area of the built-up area is 300 hm2The green coverage rate is 408%。
1.4 The current situation of beautiful rural construction.
Since 2012, Wushan County has closely focused on the goal of "great improvement of the appearance of villages and towns, great highlighting of characteristic features, great improvement of the quality of human settlements, and great promotion of tourism development", adhered to the combination of first-class guidance and farmers' independence, fully mobilized the participation of social forces, and solidly promoted the construction of beautiful villages. By the end of 2016, Wushan County had established a total of 42 beautiful rural demonstration villages at the Ministry of Agriculture, municipal and county levels, and 18 beautiful rural demonstration villages at the township level. Among them, Guandu Yangba and Luoping Town Tea Gardens are beautiful rural demonstration villages of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2017, five villages, Lukou Village, Luoping Town, Shuangyue Village, Reservoir Village, Yanglin Village, and Liuping Village, Jianping Township, were rated as the first batch of green villages in the country. In 2020, Orange Garden Village in Quqi Township was selected as one of China's beautiful leisure villages.
Second, the development status of forestry industry in Wushan County
2.1. Economic forestry industry.
Wushan crispy plum is a resounding business card of Wushan, and has won the honors of "Hometown of Chinese Crispy Plum", "Chinese Famous Fruit", "National High-quality Plum Production Base County", "National High-quality Plum Gold Award", and Chongqing's Top Ten Regional Public Brands of Agricultural Products. In 2019, the brand value of "Wushan Crispy Plum" reached 162.8 billion yuan, ranking first in the plum category in the country. The Wushan citrus industry has two major products: Newhall and W[1]Mercott, both of which are honored as "equal". Wushan Newhall has won many gold and silver awards in the city and the country, and is a product protected by the registered trademark of geographical indications of the State Commodity AdministrationWushan W- Murcott won the title of "King of Fruits" in the "2018 Three Gorges Cup Chongqing High-quality Late-maturing Citrus Evaluation Activity".
According to relevant statistics, the county's economic forest planting area is 640,000 mu, including 280,000 mu of crispy plums, 180,000 mu of citrus and 180,000 mu of others.
2.2 Chinese herbal medicine industry.
As of 2019, Wushan County has a planting area of 200,000 mu of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and there are currently more than 30 varieties of Chinese medicinal materials with a certain scale, including Sichuan Codonopsis, Duhuo, Eucommia, Phellodendron chinensis, Magnolia officinalis, Angelica sinensis, hyssop, Yunmuxiang, papaya, gastrodia, Atractylodes, fritillary, honeysuckle, epimedium and other varieties, which are distributed in Guanyang Township, Dangyang Township, Miaotang Village, Zhuxian Township, Duping Township, Deng Township, Hongchun Township and other townships.
2.3. Forest health industry.
In recent years, based on ecological advantages, tourism brand, cultural heritage and transportation location, Wushan has actively responded to the national strategic goal of "developing forest health care industry", and insisted on cultivating the development and expansion of ecological health care industry into a new growth point of the county economy.
2.4. Characteristic culture and eco-tourism industry.
2.4.1 Wushan characteristic culture.
Wushan culture is the core of the Three Gorges culture. Wushan is rich in cultural resources, including Wu culture, Bachu culture, goddess culture, dragon bone slope culture, Daxi culture, immigration culture and other cultural types. The 2.04 million-year-old Longkepo "Wushan Ape Man" site and the 5,000-6,000-year-old Daxi cultural site belong to the national key cultural relics protection units. Wushan Museum was rated as a national second-class museum, and the exhibition "Centennial Wushan - The Age of Tickets" was selected as one of the 100 projects of the "2019 Socialist Core Values Theme Exhibition Promotion" by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage.
2.4.2 Wushan eco-tourism industry.
Wushan County has successfully created the first batch of national all-for-one tourism demonstration zones, Wushan Museum has successfully created a national 4A-level scenic spot, Dachang Lake has successfully established a national wetland park, the Little Three Gorges Scenic Area has passed the 5A-level scenic spot evaluation review of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and the Little Three Gorges Scenic Area has been awarded the Chongqing Green Scenic Spot. Little Three Gorges topped the list of the first top ten scenic spots in Chongqing, and is one of the "Top 40 Tourist Resorts in China", the first batch of 4A and 5A tourist attractions in the country and a national ecological demonstration zone. In addition, Jianping Wangtianping, Luoping Dayakou, Liangping Chaoyuanguan, Tonggu Fairy Cave, Zhuxian Chaoyangping, Dachang Yangxi River, etc., are the first choice for sightseeing, leisure and vacation, summer retreat, and self-cultivation. In June 2017, Wushan was successfully selected as one of the nine "most wanted mainland tourist destinations for overseas tourists", along with Zhangjiajie and Hainan International Tourism Island. The county has successfully held the 12th China Yangtze River Three Gorges International Red Leaves Festival, and the brand influence of "Wushan Red Leaves" has been continuously improved.
3. The main problems faced by Wushan County
3.1. The protection of land ecological space is under great pressure.
Over the years, Wushan County has successively implemented a series of ecological construction projects such as the protection of natural forest resources, the return of farmland to forest and grassland, the construction of the Yangtze River shelterbelt system, and the comprehensive management of karst rocky desertification, which have initially curbed the trend of regional ecological deterioration, and the forestry and ecological construction in the county have achieved remarkable results, but due to the county's population growth year by year, large economic aggregate, high development intensity and other factors, coupled with the low soil quality and sub-health of terrestrial ecosystems within the county, the protection of land ecological space is facing great pressure.
3.2 The overall quality of forests is not high, and the productivity of forest land is low.
The forest coverage rate of the county is 5835%, but from the perspective of the natural conditions and the forest land resources occupied by Wushan County, it is not high, and the distribution is uneven. The average unit volume of arbor forests in the county is 405m3/hm2.It is well below the national average (86m3 hm2). Natural forests make up 62 percent of the forest area50%, planted forests account for 37% of the forest area50%。Most of the plantations were created since the 80s of the 20th century, mainly cypress, single tree species, low canopy density, most of the forest stands did not form a multilayer community system of trees, shrubs and grasses, the understory vegetation was sparse, the canopy density was low, and the naturalness and richness of the mountain forest ecosystem were low. The proportion of young and middle-aged forests in the county is large, accounting for 85% of the arbor forest area50%, there are more residual forests, low-quality and low-efficiency forests, the forest quality is not high, the productivity of forest land is low, the overall function of the forest ecosystem is relatively fragile, the ecological function has not been fully utilized, and the stability and ecological function of the forest ecosystem need to be improved urgently.
3.3. Rocky desertification and soil erosion are serious, and it is difficult to continue ecological restoration.
Wushan County is a national key soil erosion control area, with large mountains, steep slopes, deep cutting, difficult soil consolidation and slope protection, strong hydraulic erosion, and serious soil erosion. After more than 30 years of large-scale afforestation and greening in the county, the structure and distribution of afforestable land have undergone significant changes, and most of the potential afforestable lands such as suitable forest land, sparse forest land, sloping cultivated land and serious desertification cultivated land that need to be returned to farmland are in arid and semi-arid areas and karst rocky desertification areas, and the natural site conditions are poor, and afforestation is becoming more and more difficult. In addition, a considerable number of suitable forests in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are located in high-altitude, cold, dry, hot and arid river valleys, which makes afforestation more difficultIn addition, the advantages of traditional forestry factors such as labor and land use are gradually lost, there is a shortage of labor and labor for afforestation, the cost of labor and land is constantly increasing, and the unit cost of afforestation is increasing, and it is difficult to consolidate the results.
3.4. The green (characteristic) industry is still in its infancy, and the added value of products is low.
Green industries such as crispy plums, citrus, and walnuts in Wushan County have initially formed a scale, and leading enterprises have a certain driving role, but the situation of short industrial chain and lagging deep processing of forest by-products is more prominent. At present, Wushan's crisp plums and citrus are still unable to achieve industrial standardized production, large-scale operation, and brand marketing. Wushan forest health resources are very abundant, but the spatial distribution presents "small concentration, large dispersion", the development is in a state of point development, there is a homogenization and simplification, there is no deep integration, there is a lack of organic cohesion and linkage, and the chain is relatively loose.
Fourth, the planning of key construction projects
4.1. Forest resources protection project.
4.1.1 Forest stewardship.
Combined with the "Wushan County to carry out the pilot work plan of the forest chief system", in accordance with the county, township and village level forest chief system organization system, conscientiously implement the "natural forest protection and restoration system plan" and "Chongqing natural forest protection and restoration system implementation plan", strictly implement the "natural forest resources protection project forest management and protection management measures", "Chongqing natural forest resources protection project forest resources management and protection measures" and other requirements, expand the protection area of natural forest resources, increase the management and protection of natural forests and public welfare forests, and increase the compensation of forest ecological benefits.
4.1.2. Management of public welfare forests.
Strictly implement the delineation and management requirements of the "Measures for the Definition of National Public Welfare Forests", "Measures for the Management of National Public Welfare Forests" and "Measures for the Management of Public Welfare Forests in Chongqing", and conscientiously implement the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Management of Forest Ecological Benefit Compensation Funds in Chongqing for the national public welfare forests and local public welfare forests included in the scope of financial forest ecological benefit compensation, and carry out regular surveys and dynamic monitoring of public welfare forest resources and the establishment of archivesStrengthen the supervision and inspection of the management and protection of public welfare forests, the training of management and protection personnel, and the prevention and fighting of public welfare forest fires.
4.2. Precise improvement of forest quality.
4.2.1 Forest tending.
In accordance with the "Forest Tending Regulations" (GB T 15781-2015) and the "Technical Regulations for the Construction of Ecological Public Welfare Forests" (GBT18337.).3-2001) and the Technical Provisions of the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Forest Tending Technology in Chongqing (Trial), according to the forest development stage, cultivation objectives and the law of growth, development and succession of forest ecosystems, different tending modes are adopted for the tending objects within the scope. For the serious shading problem above or above the side of the tree species at the young forest stage, the light is used to tending with transparent cutting;In areas with good local site conditions, the density of artificial pure forests of the same age (especially coniferous pure forests) in the young forest stage is too large, thinning and tending should be carried out according to different local site conditions, and replanting should be carried out if necessary.
4.2.2. Construction of national reserve forests.
The construction of national reserve forest in Wushan County is a fundamental measure to improve the production level of forest land in the county, enhance the self-sufficiency of timber, and strengthen the protection of natural forests. Through rational layout and scientific afforestation measures, increase the forest area, improve the level of forest management and forest land productivity, promote the further improvement of the quantity and quality of forest resources, and promote the cultivation, transformation and upgrading of forest resources in the county.
4.3. Construction of protected area system and biodiversity conservation project.
4.3.1. Establishment of the protected area system.
In accordance with the Guiding Opinions on the Establishment of a System of Natural Protected Areas with National Parks as the Main Body, and in accordance with the concept that mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasses are a community of life, the old system of setting up by departments, resources and administrative regions should be reformed, the existing types of nature reserves should be integrated and optimized, a new classification system should be constructed, and a unified setting of nature reserves should be implemented, and hierarchical management and zoning control should be implemented to achieve effective protection in accordance with the law.
4.3.2 Biodiversity conservation.
All species within the county, especially all kinds of nature reserves in species-rich areas, through natural forest protection, enclosure management, restoration of degraded forests and grasslands, closure of mountains for afforestation, strict control of human activities in the area, establishment of scientific research personnel training and introduction mechanism, strengthening the construction of public education in protected areas, etc., the construction of buffer zones and ecological corridors, the protection of primeval forests and native subalpine meadows, the expansion of the living space of wild animals and plants, and the strengthening of the protection of rare and endangered species and habitats such as golden snub-nosed monkeys and dove trees in the region.
4.4. Ecological restoration in key areas.
4.4.1. Rocky desertification control.
Within the rocky desertification area of the county, the mild and moderate rocky desertification areas are the main treatment areas. Strengthening the protection and restoration of forest and grass vegetation is the core of rocky desertification control and the foundation of regional ecological security. It is necessary to take various measures such as artificial afforestation, mountain closure and afforestation and grass cultivation to strengthen the protection and restoration of forest and grass vegetation in karst areas, improve the coverage and biodiversity of forest and grass vegetation, and promote the restoration of ecosystems in karst areas.
4.4.2. Governance of key soil erosion areas.
The key soil erosion control areas in Wushan County include cultivated land with slopes above 25° that can be used for returning farmland to forest, suitable forest land suitable for artificial afforestation, forest land without standing trees, barren mountain wasteland suitable for aerial seeding, sparse forest land suitable for mountain closure and replanting, arbor forest land with low canopy density and shrub woodland. The management measures include returning farmland to forest, artificial afforestation, replanting, aerial seeding afforestation, and mountain closure for afforestation. According to the actual needs, interception ditches, drainage ditches, reservoirs, grit tanks and other projects can be laid out, and the interception, storage and drainage can be reasonably configured to reduce or prevent the erosion of slope farmland and forest land by heavy rainfall, and can store water and use rainfall.
4.4.3. Construction of water conservation forests.
In addition to rocky desertification control and soil erosion control projects within the county, it can be used for new afforestation suitable forest land, non-standing tree forest land, etc., as well as sparse forest land, low canopy density arbor forest land and shrub forest land that can be used for mountain closure and afforestation, replanting and replanting, to create water conservation forest. The Three Gorges Reservoir area is an important water source area in China, and it plays a certain role in flood disaster control through the construction of high-efficiency water conservation forests and its water conservation functionThe precipitation should be conserved and redistributed, and part of the precipitation should be converted into effective water for regional circulation, so as to increase the river flow and shorten the dry season time, reduce the flood-to-dry ratio, and increase the effectiveness of precipitation utilization.
4.4.4. Subsidence zone management.
Within the distribution range of the subsidence zone in the county, the area of the subsidence zone with a slope of less than 35° is the main treatment range. Through the combination of engineering measures and biological treatment measures at different water levels, the prevention and reduction of geological disasters on the reservoir bank can be realized, the pollution sources in the reservoir area will be reduced, the biodiversity will be increased, and the subsidence zone of "stable reservoir shore and beautiful cross-strait scenery" will be gradually built, so as to lay the foundation for the development and utilization of eco-tourism.
4.4.5. Management of mining wasteland.
In the context of the increasing importance of ecological civilization construction and the continuous tightening of the construction land index of new urbanization, all abandoned mining areas in the county are included in the scope of governance. Through topographic and landform restoration, substrate improvement, vegetation restoration and other measures, the mining waste area will be restored, so as to create favorable conditions for the revitalization and utilization of such land, help economic and social development, improve the ecological environment, and promote the development of characteristic tourism.
4.4.6. Wetland ecosystem protection and restoration.
Through the protection of the water environment and species habitats of river wetlands and the construction of protected areas, wetland habitats should be improved, the self-sustainment capacity of wetland ecosystems should be enhanced, the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems should be increased, and wetland ecosystems with complete functions, health and safety and rich species should be constructed, so as to promote the coordinated development of society, economy and environment. Strengthen the prevention and control of wetland pollution, the protection of biodiversity and the restoration of wetland ecological functions, so that the reduction of wetland area and the degradation of ecological functions can be curbed, and the ecological characteristics of wetland ecosystems will be restored. Innovate the development and utilization of wetland resources, develop wetland agriculture and wetland eco-tourism under the premise of wetland ecosystem protection, organically combine protection and development, and promote the harmonious development of regional ecology, economy and society.
4.5. Green ecological industry projects to benefit the people.
4.5.1. Construction of economic forest base.
In accordance with the principle of "citrus in low mountains, crisp plums, walnuts and tea in middle and low mountains, and medicinal materials in high mountains", a standardized planting base of "industrial clustering, scientific and technological means, green production, product branding, business integration and supporting facilities" has been builtThe construction of township fruit storage and processing facilities, fruit regional agricultural product chain, etc., so that the scale and level of product processing have been significantly improved, and the regional green industry logistics and electronic trading network have been completedIt is formed by the industrial chain of organic product production, health tourism, industrial culture, etc.;The scientific and technological support system has been gradually improved, and the mechanism innovation has achieved remarkable results, so that the green industry has opened a new chapter in the construction of beautiful villages and rural revitalization in the county.
4.5.2. Construction of characteristic Chinese herbal medicine base.
The Chinese herbal medicine industry is mainly distributed above 1,000 meters above sea level, and through the construction of the Chinese herbal medicine gap base, it has built a standardized planting base of "industrial clustering, scientific and technological means, green production, product branding, business integration and facility supporting".The construction of Chinese herbal medicine cleaning, drying and other origin of the primary processing plant, Chinese herbal medicine native products, health products, Chinese medicine pieces, drinks, health care products and other intensive processing production lines, with the temple party as the representative of the brand effect of Chinese herbal medicine is obvious, the scientific and technological support system has been gradually improved, and the mechanism innovation has achieved remarkable results.
4.5.3. Construction of forest health care base.
Take advantage of the opportunity of the pilot construction of the national forest health care base to promote the comprehensive development of the county's forest health care industry, adhere to the five basic principles of ecological optimization, adaptation to local conditions, scientific development, innovation leadership, and market leadership, and vigorously develop the forest health care industry in forests, wetlands, and beautiful villages with good forest vegetation, rich landscape resources, superior ecological environment, and profound cultural heritage, and create distinctive forest health care products. By 2025, a complete forest health care industry system and development layout will be formed, focusing on the construction of Liziping, Chaoyangping, Ninziping, Wangtianping, Duping, Hongchun, Chaoyuanguan, and Dengjia Nanmu villages as regional forest health care basesThe construction of Motianling, Dangyang, and Hongchun as national forest characteristic towns;By 2035, a forest health care service system covering the whole county will be built, providing multi-level, multi-type, and high-quality forest health care services to the society to meet the growing needs of the people for a better life.
4.5.4. Construction of forest nature education bases.
Relying on the existing natural and cultural resources of Wushan, Wushan Forest Nature Education Base will be built. The forest nature education base takes natural science education, nature experience, leisure and recreation as its main functions, and is equipped with 1 forest experience hall, 1 forest museum, 5 forest classrooms and other facilities, various signs, nature interpreters, volunteers and courses in various nature reserves and areas with excellent natural environment and profound cultural heritage, and uses the new environmental education concept - "one classroom, one team, one textbook" to set the classroom in nature, and organically integrate forest experience, forest health care and natural cognition.
4.5.5. Corridor greening construction.
Wushan County has initially formed a transportation network based on "seven horizontal, three vertical, three ports, one eight-ring road, and eight centers" and a modern comprehensive transportation system of "smooth, convenient, interconnected, comfortable, safe, economical and green". In view of the problems of greening in individual sections and the lack of greening due to road widening and new construction, in accordance with the requirements of ecology, harmony and nature, the greening, coloring and beautification of regional roads and rivers in the county are carried out, and the greening and beautification of important traffic channels such as highways and tourist roads are promoted, so as to create a green road network and water network that are crisscrossed and criss-crossed, and create a green ecological landscape corridor with "flowers in all seasons and evergreen roads".
4.5.6. Rural greening construction.
With the goal of improving the rural living environment, we will comprehensively protect the achievements of rural greening, continue to increase the total amount of rural greening, and strive to improve the quality of rural greening and beautification. Combined with the actual situation of each township and village, the characteristic villages are built as a whole, forming characteristic areas, striving to build and appreciate rural culture, experience folk customs, vigorously develop experiential and leisure farm tourism and orchard tourism, and combine Wushan crispy plum, love orange, temple party and other characteristic forest products to establish a green ecological brand, improve farmers' income, and enhance people's happiness. (Author: Wang Qun He Shangli).
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