What are the medicinal properties of chrysanthemums?
Chrysanthemum is the dried head-shaped inflorescence of the chrysanthemum morifolium ramat of the Asteraceae family, which is sweet and bitterSlightly cold, return to the lungs, liver meridian. It has the functions of nourishing the liver and brightening the eyes, dispelling wind and clearing heat. It is mainly used for the treatment of colds, wind and heat, headaches, ear birds, eye redness, sore throat and other symptoms. As a natural health care product, chrysanthemum has great prospects for development and utilization. The main forms of chrysanthemum-related foods on the market are: direct consumption as cooking ingredients or ingredients;Made into nutritional health tea;Processed into a variety of food or beverages;Refining various fragrances such as flavors or sesame oils. In recent years, in order to improve the added value of chrysanthemum, relevant enterprises and researchers have carried out research on the extraction of chrysanthemum selenium, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc., and have made some progress. However, there is still a gap in the synthesis and full utilization of the effective nutrients of chrysanthemum, and there will be a huge potential market and development space for the development of flavonoids and volatile oils of chrysanthemum.
What are the biological characteristics of chrysanthemums?
Chrysanthemum is a perennial perennial root herb with a plant height of 60 150 cm and a dense white fluff cover. The stems are erect, lignified at the base, and the upper parts are multi-branched, and the branches are slightly ridged. The leaves are alternate, petioles, the leaves are ovate or narrowly oblong, the margins are short serrate, and the base is heart-shaped. Capitate inflorescences apical or axillary, bracts hemispherical, green;The tongue is edged with inflorescences, the tongue is white, pale red or lavender, and there are no stamens;Pistil 1;Tubular flowers located in inflorescence**, bisexual, yellow, apex 5-lobed;Polystamens 5;Pistil 1, ovary inferior.
When the temperature of chrysanthemum is stable above 10 in spring every year, the roots begin to germinate, in the range of 25, with the increase of temperature, the growth rate accelerates, and the optimal temperature for growth is 20 25. The sunshine is shorter than 13After 5 hours, when the night temperature drops to 15 and the temperature difference between day and night is greater than 10, it begins to shift from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, that is, flower buds begin to differentiate. The day is shorter than 12After 5 hours, the temperature drops to about 10 at night, and the flower buds begin to form, at this time, the stems, leaves, and flowers enter the vigorous growth period. 9 October enters the flowering period, the flowering period is 40 to 50 days, and the flowering period is 5 to 7 days.
The inflorescence is composed of 300 600 florets, and a chrysanthemum is actually an inflorescence made up of many sessile florets surrounded by bracts, which are born on a tray. marginal florets tongue-shaped, male, discular tubular, bisexual. It opens layer by layer from outside to inside, opening a circle every 1 2 days, and the flowering period of the head inflorescence is 15 to 20 days. About 15 hours after the florets open, the stamens are the most pollen, the pollen vitality is 1 2 days, the stamens are pollinated for 2-3 days, the pistil begins to spread its feathers, generally begins to spread its feathers at 9 o'clock in the morning, and the feathers are 2 3 days to wither.
Chrysanthemums love light, do not have strict soil requirements, and can be cultivated in both dry land and paddy fields. However, it should be planted in sunny, well-drained, fertile sandy soil, and should be in the range of pH 6 8. The growth and development of overly clay soil or alkaline soil is poor, and the disease of heavy stubble is severe. Low-lying waterlogged land is not suitable for planting.
Where are chrysanthemums suitable for planting in our country?What are the types of varieties in production?
Chrysanthemum is widely distributed in China, mainly in Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Tianjin, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guizhou and other provinces. When planting medicinal materials, it is necessary to consider the yield of flowers, and the area north of the Yellow River should choose varieties with early flowering period, so as not to be able to harvest medicinal materials when the frost period comes, resulting in economic losses. In general, the Northeast and Northwest regions are not suitable for growing chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum is fertile-loving, grows well in loose and fertile, humus-rich, well-drained sandy loam soil, and has many flowers and high yields. The pH of the soil should be neutral to slightly acidic or slightly alkaline. Plots with heavy soil, low-lying terrain, poor drainage, and large salinity should not be cultivated. Do not work continuously.
According to the different origins and processing methods, medicinal materials are divided into Gong Ju, Hang Ju, Chu Ju, Hao Ju, Huai Ju, Ji Ju, Qi Ju, and Sichuan Ju. Hangju is mainly produced in Tongxiang, Haining, Jiaxing and Wuxing in Zhejiang Province, and is one of the famous eight flavors of ZhejiangChu chrysanthemum is mainly produced in Anhui Quanjiao, Chu County and She County;Boju is mainly produced in Bozhou, Anhui and Shangqiu, Henan;Huaiju is mainly produced in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, under the jurisdiction of Miyang, Wushe, Wenxian, Boai and other places, is one of the four famous Huai Yao in China;Gong Ju is mainly produced in Anhui Province Shexian (Hui Ju), Zhejiang Province Deqing (De Ju), Qing Dynasty as a tribute, so the name Gong Chrysanthemum;Jiju is mainly produced in Jiaxiang, Yucheng area, Shandong Province;Qi Ju is mainly produced in Anguo, Hebei Province;Sichuan chrysanthemum is mainly produced in Mianyang, Neijiang and other places in Sichuan Province, in recent years, due to production and marketing problems, the main production areas have been rarely planted. Among the medicinal chrysanthemums, Gong Ju, Hangzhou Ju, Chu Ju and Hao Ju are the four major medicinal chrysanthemums in ChinaWith the Yangtze River as the boundary, Hangju and Gongju in the south of the Yangtze River are mainly used for tea, taking into account medicinal use;The Chu chrysanthemum and Bo chrysanthemum in the north of the Yangtze River are mainly used for medicinal purposes, taking into account tea.
How to choose and prepare the land for chrysanthemums?
It is advisable to choose sandy loam soil or loam soil with high and dry terrain, good drainage, and sunny and wind-sheltered soil for cultivation. The soil should be neutral to slightly acidic, and continuous cropping should be avoided. After the harvest of the previous crop, 20kg of urea, 10kg of potassium chloride and 8kg of superphosphate were applied per mu as base fertilizer, and the deep ploughing was 2 times, and the rake was flat and 1 wide3m, 30cm high furrow, ditch width 30cm, in order to facilitate drainage, if the former as wheat, rape and other crops, can be less or no base fertilizer. The flat terrain and well-drained plots should be selected, and then mixed with 50 clean fine river sand after ploughing, raking and leveling, and then making a 30cm high slotting bed, compacted and ready to be inserted.
What are the propagation methods of chrysanthemums?
It can be propagated by dividing, striping and cuttings. Cuttings propagation has strong growth potential, strong disease resistance and high yield, so it is commonly used in production at presentIt is easy to survive by dividing and propagating, and the labor intensity is small.
1) Divide propagation After harvesting chrysanthemums in autumn, select the roots of the robust plants, cover the dung soil to keep warm for winter, and in March and April of the following year, the soil will be picked up, and watered with thin manure water to promote the rapid growth of sprouting branches. 4 May, when the seedling height is 15 25cm, choose a cloudy day to dig up the roots, divide the plant, choose the seedlings with thick and fibrous roots, cut off the chrysanthemum seedlings, leave about 20cm long, according to the row spacing of 40cm, plant spacing 30cm, open 6 10cm deep holes, plant one plant per hole, cover the soil after planting, and water in time. Zhejiang Tongxiang because the previous stubble is mustard, mustard can be harvested after Qingming, so this method is used more.
2) Strip propagation Striping is to press the branches into the soil to make them take root, and then separate them into independent plants. Chrysanthemums are propagated with pressed strips, and are only used in the following cases: when the local branches of chrysanthemums have mutations of excellent traits;When the chrysanthemum branch stretches too long and wants to dwarf it;When reproduction is lost, when remedial measures are taken. The specific method is to bury the branches of the mother plant in the soil by extending and bending them to expose the stem tips from the end of June to the beginning of July. Under the nodes that enter the soil, part of the cortex is scraped off. Soon the wound will be able to germinate adventitious roots, which will be cut off into separate plants after rooting. In the rooting process, the nutrients of the mother plant are obtained, so the survival rate is 100%. Plants obtained by striping are generally smaller, with shorter stems and many branches. Unless there are special circumstances, this method is not used for a boat.
3) Propagation by cuttings Remove cuttings on excellent mother plants, the cuttings are cm long, and the lower stem is 03cm is optimal, and the difference in the length of the cuttings should be less than 05cm。If the length of the cuttings is too different, it will affect the uniformity of the cut chrysanthemum and the yield of the first flower. Remove the lower leaf of 2 3 from the cuttings, and insert it into the pre-prepared substrate (the substrate should be made of materials with good water permeability and aeration), and the plant row spacing is 3cmx3cm. After cuttings, a high ambient temperature should be maintained, generally 22-28 during the day, 18-20 at night, not less than 15. Maintain the moisture of the air and substrate with intermittent spraying, spray every 3 minutes for 10 seconds for the first 3-4 days, and spray for 10 12 seconds every 8 10 minutes thereafter until it takes root and sprouts. From the beginning of cuttings, the shade net is applied to the removal of the shade net after rooting and germination.
How to transplant chrysanthemums?
Divided seedlings were transplanted in April and May, and cuttings were transplanted in May and June. Choose a cloudy day or after the rain or sunny day in the evening, on the neat furrow surface, according to the row of beads 40cm each digging hole, the depth of the hole 6cm, then, take the digging seedlings, cuttings seedlings planted 1 plant per hole, 1 2 seedlings per hole. After planting, the soil is compacted and the root water is poured.
What are the management measures for chrysanthemums in the field?
1) Soil management First, we should advocate crop rotation and disinfect the soil before planting. The second is to monitor the soil in a timely manner, including fertility level and heavy metal element content, so as to provide reference for suitable soil improvement. Testing should be done every 2 years. The third is to improve the soil and water conservation facilities for sloping cultivated land.
2) topping should be selected on sunny days respectively at the time of transplanting or 20 25 days after transplanting, around mid-June, from the end of June to early July, and when the growth is too vigorous in the later stage, the topping of the ramets seedlings. According to different varieties, the first topping topping is picked (cut) at 5 15cm above the ground, and the buds of 5 15cm are retained each time in the future, and the upper top buds are picked (cut). For the late transplanting of cuttings, the number of topping should be reduced. The topping must be completed by the end of July. The apical buds under the plucking (cutting) should be taken out of the plot for destruction.
3) Cultivating and weeding 4 to 5 times a year. It is required that the first hoeing should be shallow, and the subsequent times should be deep. When weeding in the later stage, it is necessary to cultivate soil and roots, which can not only protect the root system, but also prevent lodging.
4) Erection For lodging varieties, scaffolding should be erected next to the plant to promote ventilation and light transmission and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
5) Fertilizer and water management First, scientific water management: pay attention to drainage in the rainy seasonWhen there is a drought in summer and autumn, it is necessary to water it in time;Make sure there is no shortage of water during the bud period. Strictly control the quality of irrigation water to make it comply with NY5120 regulations. The second is reasonable fertilization: chrysanthemums like fertilizer, and sufficient fertilizer is the key measure to increase the yield of chrysanthemums. Generally, top dressing 3 times. For the first time, when the chrysanthemum seedlings began to grow after planting, urea was applied 6 per mu67kg；For the second time, when the plant began to branch, 10kg of urea per mu was appliedFor the third time, before the pregnancy bud, 10kg of urea and 13 kg of superphosphate were applied per mu33kg。You can also choose 800 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, and spray it on the foliar surface with a sprayer in the windless afternoon or evening, which can obtain the effect of increasing yield. In accordance with the principle of formula and balanced fertilization, the base fertilizer should be sufficient, supplemented by timely topdressing, and reasonable micro-fertilizer. Boost the application of well-rotted organic.
Fertilizer, targeted with the promotion of the use of biological agents, biological organic fertilizer, improve the soil aggregate structure, antagonize harmful bacteria, enhance the ability of plants to resist disease and stress, and greatly enhance the health and yield potential of plants.
How to prevent chrysanthemum diseases?
The main diseases of chrysanthemum are powdery mildew, brown spot disease, etc., and the following measures are mostly used in green production, control and mitigation of vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, etc.
1) Powdery mildew.
Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Ascomycetes and powdery mildew of the Asteraceae family. It mainly occurs on the upper leaves and buds of chrysanthemums, and the surface of the damaged part is covered with a layer of gray-white mycelium, which is formed into pieces by dots to form a layer of dirty white powder. In the early stage, there are small light yellow spots on the leaves, mostly on the front of the leaves, and then gradually expand, the diseased leaves are covered with white powdery mold, and the lesions can expand rapidly when the temperature and humidity are suitable, and connect into a large area of white powdery spots, and the surface is densely covered with black particles in the later stage of the disease. The leaves with severe disease are twisted and deformed or yellowed and fall off, the diseased plants are underdeveloped and dwarfed, and the flower buds cannot open normally. There are even deaths. Rain, lack of light, poor drainage, and high humidity can easily cause the epidemic of germs. However, the disease can also worsen under drought conditions. In addition, too much nitrogen fertilizer, plant lodging, or insufficient fertilization, weak plant growth, poor disease resistance, are easy to cause powdery mildew. The northern pathogen is left on the soil surface for overwintering with the diseased residues, and the ascospores are emitted for initial infection and re-infection in the following year. Shed pathogens overwinter on the host, spread by air currents when conditions are suitable, and are prone to disease in spring and autumn when cold and humid.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: reasonable dense planting, timely irrigation. Avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and well-rotted organic fertilizer, reasonably supplement micro-fertilizer, promote the use of biological bacteria and biological organic fertilizer, and improve the ability of plants to resist disease and stress. I pay attention to cutting off the leaves of overly dense and withered yellow plants, pulling out diseased plants, cleaning up diseased and residual leaves, and burning or burying them deeply to reduce the source of bacteria.
Biological control: Reference"Shoot dry rust"。
Scientific drug prevention and control: spraying is started at the early stage of the disease, and the protective agent is 80% fully complexed mancozeb wettable powder 1000 times, or 25% azoxystrobin wettable powder 1000 times. After the onset of the disease, the first sex drug is selected"agent, can be used 25% pyraclostrobin suspension 2000 times, 75 fatoconazole tebuconazole water dispersible granules 2000 times, or 25 ethylpyriphenol sulfonate microemulsion 700 times, or 40 etherstrobin ethyl pyriphenol (25% ethylpyriphenol solution, or 50 azylmyclidine water dispersible granules 1000 times, or 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 1500 times oil 3000 times liquid and other spray control, every 7 10 days, continuous prevention and control 2 3 times. Other prevention and control methods and selected drugs + 15 ether strobin) suspension 1000 times, or 25 prothioconazole emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times, or 10 pentoconazole milk technology reference"Honeysuckle powdery mildew"。
2) Brown spot disease.
Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Hemicomycetes, Coelospora, Coleosporia, Conchospora spp., Aschizospora spp., and E. chrysanthemum. Also known as chrysanthemum spot blight, it appears on the leaves in the early stage of round, oval or irregular shape and size of purple-brown lesions, and later becomes black-brown or black, with a diameter of 2 10mm. The boundary between the susceptible site and the healthy part is obvious, and the center of the lesion becomes shallow, grayish-white, and small black spots appear in the later stage. When there are many lesions, they can be connected to each other, and the leaf color turns yellow, and then scorched. When there are 5 or 6 lesions on the diseased leaves, the leaves become wrinkled, and then the leaves turn black from the bottom to the top, and in severe cases, only the upper 2 or 3 leaves are left, and the blackened and dry diseased leaves are hung on the stems, and they generally cannot fall off on their own after drying.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: reasonable dense planting. If diseased leaves and fruits are found, they should be removed in time and destroyed or buried in a centralized manner. Crop rotation is practiced in areas with severe disease. Remove stagnant water in a timely manner. Avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and well-rotted organic fertilizer, reasonably supplement micro-fertilizer, promote the use of biological bacteria and biological organic fertilizer, and improve the disease resistance and stress resistance of plants.
Scientific drug prevention and treatment: preventive drug prevention and treatment before or at the beginning of the onset of the disease, and control the occurrence and spread. After the onset of the disease, the prevention and treatment of sexual medication, and the timely control of harm. Other prevention and control methods and drug selection technology reference"Honeysuckle brown spot disease"。
3) Fusarium wilt.
Pathogen and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Hemimycetes, Fusarium acumensis chrysanthemum specialized fungus. At the beginning of the disease, the lower leaves lose their green and yellow, lose their luster, and then the leaves begin to wilt and droop, turn brown and die, and the lower leaves also begin to fall off, and the stalks at the base of the plant are slightly swollen and brown, the epidermis is rough, there are cracks between them, and white mold can be seen when the humidity is highThe stalk is cut longitudinally, and the vascular bundles can be seen turning brown to black-brown. Some plants are docked in the leaf industry, and the main station is sold, or they are engaged in a long period of saprophytic life. In the field, it is mainly spread by irrigating water, and it is also polluted. The pathogen development temperature is 24-28 strokes. The only for the harm of chrysanthemums, the condition of the disease of the full official disease sample 2 mother holding the competition excellent humid into the paddy field is prone to disease, especially after the rain water, high temperature and rain, too much compound fertilizer: the main soil is acidic and easy to invoice.
Prevention and control methods. Positive agricultural control: select disease-resistant varieties, and breed from disease-free plants, and control the water confluence of the main soil should choose a well-drained substrateSeriously diseased plants should be uprooted and burned in time, and the sick holes should be disinfected with quicklimeReasonable density, partial and balanced ground fertilizer, increase the decomposition of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, reasonable supplement of micro fertilizer, non-extensive use of biological bacteria, all organic fertilizer.
Scientific drug prevention and control: 30 chickens can be used to irrigate 500 times of Lingshui agent during the unified visit period after transplanting, and the control method and selection technology of metha can be used as a reference"Lily blight"。
4) Rust. Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Basidiomycetes, chrysanthemum rust, city stem rust and Artemisia layer rust 3 kinds of odorous beauty, mainly harmful leaves, flowers and stems can be impregnated. The leaves and stems are damaged, and there are small pale yellow dots in the early stage of damage, which turn brown and turn brown, and small pus-like pimples (summer spore pile) are scattered after rupture, and the back of the leaves is also covered with a layer of yellow powder. In the later stages of the disease, dark brown protrusions appear on the dorsal surface of the leaves or on the petioles and stems, which are covered with chestnut-brown powder, i.e., the winter spore piles of the pathogen. The lesion tissue dies eventually, and the affected leaves wither. The flower is damaged, and the epidermis of the flower stem is covered with vesicular spots at the beginning of the disease, and the epidermis ruptures and emits yellow-brown powder, and the flower buds are shriveled and withered and fall offThe germ overwinters on diseased strains or diseased remnants. Onset occurs in late spring and early summer of the following year. The pathogen invaded from the leaf stomata and the infection temperature was 16 27. A warm environment with a relative humidity of more than 85% is conducive to the onset of the disease.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: formula and balanced fertilization, avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and well-rotted organic fertilizer, reasonably supplement micro fertilizer, promote the use of biological bacteria and biological organic fertilizer, and improve the ability of plants to resist disease and stress. Pay attention to drainage after rain;In autumn, winter and early spring, diseased branches and leaves are found to be cut and burned in time. The watering method is ground watering to avoid spraying.
Biological control: Reference"Shoot dry rust"。
Scientific drug prevention and control: spray 1 protective agent before germination in early spring, you can use 600 times of 27 oligosaccharide sulfur suspension, or 2 3 Baumé stone sulfur mixture or 45% crystal stone sulfur mixture 30 times liquid. At the beginning of the disease, the first fungicide should be sprayed, and it can be sprayed with 25% tebuconazole wettable powder 1500 times liquid. Other control methods and selection techniques refer to Sichuan fritillary rust and rhubarb powdery mildew.
How to control chrysanthemum insect pests?
The main pests of chrysanthemums are longhorn beetle, aphids, etc., and the following measures are mostly used in green production, pest control and mitigation of vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, etc.
1) Longhorn beetle belongs to the order Coleoptera, the family Longhornidae.
Pest: In late spring and early summer, the adult beetle breaks through the epidermis of the stem close to the young buds of the chrysanthemum to lay eggs, and the bite becomes black soon after, with long markings, and the stem tips wilt or break due to water loss. After the eggs hatch, the larvae feed down the stalk and reach the roots, where the whole plant wilts and dies when the damage is severe.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: remove dead branches and manually capture adults and larvae. Find the wormhole with insect feces in the stem or branch, dig out the wormhole worm droppings, and insert a new wormhole with a steel wire to stab itSeriously damaged plants should be cut down in time to clean up the source of insects.
Physical control: Large-scale use of lights to trap adults before they lay eggs. It can also be used to trap adults with sweet and sour liquid, preparation method: sugar: vinegar: wine: water 6:3:1:10 ratio mixed evenly, placed in the field to trap.
Biological control: large-scale application of sexual attractants in the planting base to trap and kill males before mating. Eggs hatch before the larvae are bored and sprayed 21500 times of 5% spinosad suspension, or 2500 times of 6 ethyl spinosamycin suspension. Scientific drug prevention and control: use a syringe to perfuse 2000 times of 70% imidacoloma into the cavity, or inject 2000 times of 10% cyantraniliprole dispersible oil suspension, or 1000 times of 20 chlorantraniliprole suspension, or 2000 times of 5 lice mite urea emulsifiable concentrate, etc., and then seal the orifice with mud. Or use 20 chlorantraniliprole suspension stock solution soaked cotton wool into the insect hole, seal with mud, poison the larvae;In addition to the above agents, you can also use 1000 times of 22% halodimidamin eye suspension, 1500 times of 15 chlorantraniliprole emulsifiable concentrate, or 1000 times of 20 chlorantraniliprole suspension and the corresponding compound preparation, and spray each other scientifically and add the spreading agent. Spray once every 10 days, and grasp the number of control times according to the insect situation.
2) Aphid control methods and selection of drug technology reference"Honeysuckle aphids"。
3) Chrysanthemum lean mosquito belongs to the order Diptera, the family of thin mosquitoes.
Pest: The larvae are harmful to the axils, top growth points and young leaves of the chrysanthemum leaves, forming green or purple-green, the top tip and the bottom are round, and the insects on the chrysanthemum plant are thin, and the plant grows slowly, dwarf and deformed, affecting the buds and flowering.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: remove the weeds of Asteraceae plants in the field and reduce the source of insects;Avoid introducing chrysanthemum seedlings from the occurrence area of chrysanthemum gall mosquito (chrysanthemum gall mosquito occurs earlier, and eggs and hatched larvae can be carried at the seedling stage), combined with topping to remove worm galls.
Biological control: After the chrysanthemum is harvested, there are often a large number of gall mosquito larvae and natural enemy parasitic wasps, and a large number of insects collected will be refrigerated and preserved, and released into the field when the gall mosquito occurs in the next year, so as to enhance the control ability of natural natural enemies to chrysanthemum lean mosquitoes. At the beginning of adult occurrence, spray 2500 times of 6 ethyl spinosad suspension.
Scientific drug control: 2000 times of 25% thiazinone wettable powder during the occurrence of adults, or 35 60ml of 10% pyridylether emulsifiable concentrate per mu can be evenly sprayed to maximize the protection of natural enemy resources and media insects. Other agents are available 925% dipropionate dispersible liquid 15,000 times, or 224. Spray control of 4000 times of spiromel ethyl ester suspension, and 2000 times of 10% dinotefuran soluble powder. Other selected agents can be referred to"Honeysuckle aphids"。
How to harvest chrysanthemums?
When harvesting chrysanthemums, clean and well-ventilated bamboo baskets should be used, and generally should be harvested after the dew dries on sunny days. Under special circumstances, in case of rain or dew, the wet flowers should be dried, otherwise it is easy to rot and deteriorate, and the color of the post-processing is also poor, which affects the quality. When picking flowers, use two fingers to gently support the flowers upward, which not only saves time and effort, but also has no leaves and short peduncles. When harvesting, the good flowers and secondary flowers should be placed separately, and other impurities should be prevented from mixing into the flowers. When the flowers are in full bloom, they can not be pressed tightly, so as not to damage the petals, and too tight or too much stacking is easy to cause discoloration and deterioration due to lack of ventilation, which affects the quality.
What are the processing methods of chrysanthemum products?
The chrysanthemum product processing site should be spacious, clean and free of pollution sources, and other sundries should not be stored during processing, and there should be facilities to prevent poultry, livestock and pets from entering and leaving the processing site. The use of natural materials such as bamboo, rattan, odorless wood and stainless steel and iron materials is allowed, and utensils and tools made of food-grade plastic should be cleaned and used, and plastic utensils cannot be used when baking. Strict processing operation procedures. The quality of the finished product after processing and drying meets the requirements of NY 5119-2002. The packaging materials used in dried chrysanthemums should meet the requirements of food packaging, and the packaging paper in direct contact with chrysanthemums should meet the requirements of GB 11680.
The processing method of chrysanthemum varies depending on the cultivar, cultivation location, and traditional processing.
1) Chu chrysanthemum is mainly cultivated in Chu County, Anhui Province, is a treasure in the chrysanthemum, the petals are slender and dense, the color is white, pompom-shaped, and the smell is fragrant and gloomy. The processing method is: after picking, the flowers are placed on the bamboo plaque to dry in the shade, and it is not suitable to drink and dry.
2) Gong Ju Flowers should be spread out thinly to prevent discoloration and deterioration caused by backlog heating. To bake in the oven immediately. First, spread the flowers on the bamboo curtain or bamboo plaque, and require a single layer to be evenly discharged without gaps. Baking charcoal fire requires the ash to be covered without an open flame, and the temperature is maintained at 40 50. The first round of baking of dried flowers on a sunny day takes 25 3 hours, rain splash 1st round of baking takes 55-6 hours. After baking to ninety percent dry, then transfer to the second round of baking, first adjust the charcoal fire about 1 3 heat of the first round, the temperature of the oven is lower than 40, and the time needs to be 15~2.5 hours, when the flowers are baked to ivory white, that is, remove to dry and cool. During the whole roasting process, the heat and temperature should be checked frequently (which can be observed with a thermometer), if the temperature is too high, the flowers are easy to burnIf the temperature is too low, the flowers are easy to change color and degrade.
3) Hangju mainly adopts the method of steaming flowers, which is characterized by fast drying and good quality. The specific method is: put the flowers in the sun to the extent of semi-deflated in the steamer, and the spread should not be too thick, the center of the flower is to both sides, and the flowers are sandwiched in the middle, and the flowers are ready to be steamed after being about 3cm thick. When steaming flowers, put three steamed plaques each time, put up and down in the air, pay attention to the fire when steaming, both fierce and even, pot water can not be too much, so as not to boil to the formation of steamed plaques"Urayu flowers"To affect the quality, it is advisable to add water once after steaming, and place a layer of bamboo sieve on top of the water to spread gauze to prevent boiling water. It is advisable to use direct steam for about 4 minutes in each pot, if it is too long, the fragrance will be weakened and the quality will be affected, and it is not easy to dry. If there is no steaming heart, the color is not white and it is perishable. Put the steamed chrysanthemums in the bamboo drying gear, expose them, and do not turn the chrysanthemums placed in the bamboo plaque. Chrysanthemums can not be squeezed indoors at night. After 3 or 4 days of drying, it can be turned 1 time, and then dried for 3 or 4 days, and then dried for a few days"Return"After 1 2 days, the chrysanthemum flower center (flower plate) is completely hardened, and it can be stored.
4) ** flower baking chrysanthemum is usually based on ** flowers, put the flowers on the shelf, bake with charcoal fire, and turn from time to time, stop baking when drying to seven or eight percent dry, and then dry or dry after a few days indoors. If there are many rainy days after steaming flowers. The yield is large, and this method can also be used to provide flowers. The disadvantage of this method is that it is expensive and easy to scatter.
5) Bo chrysanthemum is mainly produced in the area of Bo County, Anhui Province, and is one of the main medicinal chrysanthemums. The processing method is: cut off the stems and flowers and leaves together, hang upside down under the eaves, dry in the shade, or set up a frame to dry in the shade for 30-70 days, and pick flowers in different stalls after drying.
The processing method of Qi Ju and Ji Ju is the same as that of Hao Ju.
6) Huaiju is mainly produced in Wenxian County, Wuzhi and other areas of Henan, and is one of the types of medicinal chrysanthemums. The processing method is: cut the whole chrysanthemum plant, hang it upside down in a bundle and dry it in the house, remove some water, cut off the head and put it on the night frost to dry. After drying, spray a small amount of water (2-5kg of water per 100kg of dried flowers), so that the flowers are not easy to break.
I wish you all a happy, healthy and prosperous New Year.