What are the medicinal properties of Qin Yi?
Gentiana macrophylla Pall, Genthans maxim, Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk or Genians Dututi Fisch are the dried roots of Gentiana macrophylla Pall, Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk or Gentianians Dututi Fisch. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Qin Gang contains iridoid terpene glycosides represented by gentiopicrin, which has the effects of dissipating wind and dampness, relieving blood and tendons, clearing heat and diuretic, etc., and is one of the main drugs for rheumatoid joint pain, tuberculosis, hot flashes, jaundice and other diseases, and also has the best effect on blood in the stool, pediatric chancre fever, unfavorable urination, headache, toothache, meningococcal meningitis, etc.
What are the characteristics and growth habits of the Qinjiang plant?
It is a perennial herbaceous plant with a height of 30 to 60 cm, and its base is surrounded by a withered fibrous leaf sheath. The taproot is stout, slightly cylindrical, the root head is swollen, with a few forks, slightly twisted, yellowish-brown. The stems are single, rounded, distinctly noded, obliquely ascending or erect, smooth**. Basal leaves large, lanceolate, apex pointed, entire, smooth**;The stem-borne leaves are small, opposite, the leaf base is united, the leaves are smooth**, and the leaf veins are 5. The inflorescence is made of most flower clusters with branches or axils in a whorl, the apex of the corolla is 5-lobed, blue or blue-purple. The capsule is oblong. The seeds are small, rectangular, brown, finely reticulated and shiny. Flowering and fruiting period 7 October.
Qin Gang likes humid and cool climates, is hardy, and is afraid of stagnant water. It is suitable for growing in deep and fertile loam or sandy loam soil, and is not suitable for cultivation in waterlogged depressions and saline-alkali land. The appropriate temperature of seed germination is about 20, the more perennial plants begin to turn green in early April, bloom in July, and mature in August and September, in low altitude and warmer areas, the flowering period and fruit period are generally delayed, and the growth period is relatively extended, and the annual growth period is about 140 days. Seed lifespan 1 year. Under natural conditions, it mostly grows on river beaches, roadsides, ditch edges, hillside meadows, meadows, understory and forest edges at an altitude of 1000 to 2800 m.
What are the main points of Qingang seedling cultivation?
1) Seed selection First of all, we should choose new seeds harvested in the current year, and the germination rate of Qingang seeds is greatly reduced after being stored for more than one year, which cannot meet the planting needs.
2) Seed treatment In order to obtain a higher germination rate and germination rate, you can soak the seeds with 500ppm gibberellin for 24 hours, then rinse them with water, dry them and sow them.
3) Sowing depth The seeds of Qincheng are small, and the sowing depth should not exceed lem, to 05-0.8cm is appropriate.
4) Cover and protect moisture Qin Gang sowing shallow, the surface is easy to dry is not conducive to the emergence of seedlings, the use of wheat straw or non-woven cloth covering, not only conducive to moisture preservation, but also can prevent the seeds from being washed into piles when sprinkling, resulting in uneven emergence of seedlings.
5) Sprinkle water after sowing in the greenhouse Cover the non-woven fabric immediately after sowing the greenhouse seedlings, so that the substrate is saturated with water, spray water frequently to maintain the moisture content of the substrate, stop watering after the seedlings emerge, and remove the non-woven fabric after the whole seedling.
6) Moisturizing after sowing in the field Field seedlings or live planting generally choose the summer and autumn rainy season to sow when the time comes, after sowing to cover the wheat grass, where there is more precipitation does not need artificial watering to ensure the emergence of seedlings, where there is less precipitation needs artificial irrigation water, to maintain a certain humidity of the soil to facilitate the emergence of seedlings.
How to raise seedlings in a greenhouse?
Qingang greenhouse seedlings can be raised by ground direct seedlings and seedbed grid seedlings. Ground seedlings adopt conventional land preparation methods, and seedlings can be raised after applying base fertilizer and tidying up the ground. Because the seeds are small, the seedling plot of Qin Gang should be arranged very finely to do it"The ground is as flat as a mirror, and the soil is as thin as a surface"Then sow or open a shallow ditch to sow seeds, which is more conducive to seedling emergence and seedling protection.
When seedlings are raised with greenhouse seedbed grids, 3 frog stones on grass peats are used as 8:3 substrate for seedlings to be raised. Add 3kg of potassium sulfate of 24 and 3kg of phosphoric acid to each cubic matrix, and add 1kg of 5 phoxanthion granules and 100ml of difenoconazole water emulsion to mix evenly. The seedbed grid is spread on the gardening market, and then the substrate is 10cm thick, and the seedbed can be sown or ditched.
How to carry out pest control in Qingang greenhouse seedlings?
The main pests and diseases of Qinjiang greenhouse seedlings are root rot, blight, mole crickets, grubs, etc., and the following measures are mostly used in green production, damage control and disaster reduction of vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, etc.
1) Root rot prevention and control methods and selection of drug technology reference"Angelica root rot"。Generally, it is prevented and treated once every 7 days, and 2 or 3 times in a row.
2) Blight prevention and control methods and selection of drug technology reference"Fritillary blight"。
3) Underground pests (mole crickets, grubs, needleworms, small tigers) The control methods and selection techniques refer to the corresponding control methods of Ulmus, Ophiopogon and Paeonia.
How to choose land and prepare land for field planting?
In the area with an altitude of 1400 3000m, an average annual temperature of 3 8 and a precipitation of more than 400mm, it can be planted artificially. The plot of planting Qin Gang should be ploughed in time after the previous stubble is harvested, and the tillage layer should be 25 30cmBefore deep ploughing, the base fertilizer (organic fertilizer) is finely pounded, evenly sprinkled into the ground, and turned into the soil with the cultivated land;After ploughing, rake finely to make the ground level.
How to plant Qin Jiang in Datian?
The best time for transplanting in spring should be from the end of April to the beginning of May, because transplanting too early is easy to encounter frost damage in early spring, resulting in a low survival rateThe best time for transplanting in autumn should be from the end of August to the beginning of September, too late the weather turns cool and is not conducive to survival, so it is advisable to have a certain amount of growth before the soil is frozen.
Field planting is generally 20 cm row spacing and 15 cm plant spacing. Open a ditch or dig a hole, so that the roots of the seedlings are stretched, the seedlings are level with the ground, and the soil is stepped on after planting, so that the seedlings and the soil are in close contact, which can greatly improve the survival rate of transplanting.
How does Qin Gang carry out field management?
1) Watering After transplanting, it is best to water the roots once after transplanting, and you can water less after surviving. In areas with sufficient precipitation, watering can be avoided during the growing period;In semi-arid areas or drought years, water once a year after the plants return to green and before winter, and loosen the soil in time after watering or heavy rain to prevent soil compaction.
2) Weeding Remove weeds in the field in time.
3) Fertilization In accordance with the principle of formula and balanced fertilization, the bottom fertilizer should be sufficient, supplemented by timely topdressing, and reasonable supplementation of micro-fertilizer. Increase the application of well-rotted organic fertilizer, and promote the use of biological fungi and biological organic fertilizer in a targeted manner, improve the soil aggregate structure, antagonize harmful bacteria, enhance the ability of plants to resist disease and stress, and greatly enhance the healthy yield potential of plants. Top application during the first year of transplanting!The fertilizer can increase the growth rate and growth of the plant, 10kg of urea or 20kg of diammonium phosphate per mu, and the fertilizer is evenly sprinkled in a shallow ditch between the rows, and then the soil is leveled.
4) Overwintering management It is best to water the soil after watering once before wintering, so that the roots of the plants can safely overwinter. After returning to green in the spring of the next year, loosen the soil and weed in time.
How to carry out field intercropping and planting?
It can be interplanted with crops such as wheat, broad beans, and flax. After the main crop is planted, the seeds of Qinwu are evenly sown, and the main crop grows normally in that year, and only 2 4 leaflets grow in the second year, and the Qinwu can grow normally in the second year. Field management should pay attention to timely weeding, timely top dressing, digging big in the third year and leaving small, and all can be harvested in the fourth year.
How to carry out pest control of Qinjiang?
The main pests and diseases of Qinjiang are rust, leaf spot, aphids, etc., and the following measures are mostly used in green production, pest control and mitigation of vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, etc.
1) Rust. Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Basidiomycetes, the order Rust, the family Rustaceae, and the fungus of the genus Rust. It mainly harms the leaves of Qincheng, and summer spores accumulate on the front of the leaves. In the early stage of the disease, small pale yellow spots are produced on the leaf surface, which gradually turn to yellow-brown to orange-red spots, and in the later stage, they are raised in the form of small pustules, the epidermis is easy to rupture, turn outward, and the spots gather into a round or oval shape, and in severe cases, they can become flakes, and there are yellow halos around them. Rust spots appear on the rhizomes, drying up the leaves. The high temperature and humidity seasons often cause disease epidemics. The fungus of rust overwinters with winter spores, which are mostly found on the front of the leaves, scattered, and black-brown. The primary source of infection is mainly summer spores produced by hyphae under the winter spore pile, which can cause multiple infections, and the peak of infection is May and June.
Prevention and control methods. Biological control: Reference"Shoot dry rust"。
Scientific drug prevention and treatment: immediate prevention and treatment at the early stage of the disease or when the central disease plant is found. Prevention and control methods and drug selection technology reference"Fritillary rust and powdery mildew"。Depending on the condition, the number of prevention and treatment is grasped, and the prevention and treatment is generally once every 10 days.
Scientific drug prevention and treatment: immediate prevention and treatment at the early stage of the disease or when the central disease plant is found.
2) Leaf spot.
Pathogen and symptoms: It belongs to the class of semi-known fungi. Brown round or oval lesions appear on the leaves when diseased. It mostly occurs in June and July, and when it is severe, the leaves wither and fall off, affecting the growth of plants.
Prevention and control methods. Agricultural control: early removal of diseased leaves and concentrated burning. It can be rotated with crops such as cloud wood, white bean, potato, buckwheat and other crops to reduce the incidence;It can also be intercropped with dwarf crops such as broad beans and soybeans to block the spread of pathogenic bacteria by wind and rain. Timely uproot the central disease plant to control the spread.
Biological control: 80% allicin EC 100ml+05% berberine 100ml plant inducer aqueous agent 10ml (mix evenly by secondary dilution method), mixed with 15kg of water, evenly sprayed on the foliar surface 1 2 times.
Scientific drug prevention and control: It is expected that the drug should be used in time before or at the initial stage, and it can be sprayed with 600 times of 42 oligosaccharide sulfur suspension or 1000 times of 80 fully complexed mancozeb wettable powder. It was found that the disease center used drugs in time on the basis of uprooting the diseased plants. Prevention and control methods and drug selection technology reference"White and leaf spot and peony leaf spot"。Depending on the condition, grasp the number of prevention and treatment, generally spray once every 7 10 days, and spray about 3 times in a row.
3) Spot blight.
Pathogens and symptoms: It belongs to the subphylum Hemicomycetes, the order Filamentosporidae, the Chromosporidae family, and the fungus of the genus Alternaria. Spot blight mainly expands gradually, showing nearly round, irregularly shaped, oblong lesions, with sparse wheel lines, brown and dark brown edges, slightly sunken lesions, and purple halos of unequal width on the outer edges. The lesions are mostly concentrated in the upper half of the leaves, and the tips and margins of the leaves are more severe. In the later stage, the lesions are dry, the center of the lesions is gray-white to yellow-brown, the edges are gray-brown, and there are many black particles under the epidermis. Mature seedling areas and high-density fields are prone to occur, especially in the high temperature and rainy season.
Agricultural control: reasonable dense planting, so that the plants are ventilated and transmitted;Remove weeds and reduce disease infections;Timely discharge of stagnant water, loosening soil and dispersing moisture;If the diseased plants are found, the diseased leaves should be removed in time or the whole plant should be uprooted, the diseased holes should be disinfected with quicklime, and the diseased plants should be taken out of the field and buried or burned.
Prevention and control methods. Biological control: Reference"Leaf spot disease"。
Scientific drug prevention and treatment: timely prevention and treatment is expected before or at the beginning of the onset of the disease. Prevention and control methods and drug selection technology reference"Qinyuan leaf spot disease"。
4) Aphid control methods and selection of drug technology reference"Ground elm aphid"。
How to harvest and dry?
Taier can be harvested after 3-3 years in Guizhan, generally in late September to the year of the people when the plant inspection of the name of the leaf social committee three mind control, the fruit will be dug out of the aboveground part of the plant and the roots together, try to keep according to the Yuan whole, after the school water to Shi Shi, remove the tea leaves, cut off the base of the tea, spread out the natural drying to soft, pile the pipe into a dimension, fall in love with Jinggong or at home column"seizures"!-3 days, until the inner color is yellow or gray-yellow, and then spread out to the whole hand, pay attention to"Hairmeter"Dance to avoid poisoning.
How to divide the specification grade of Qin Gang?
1) Specifications and standards of Daqinjiang.
First class: dry goods. It is conical or cylindrical, with longitudinal wrinkles, and the taproot is thick like a chicken thigh, radish, and oxtail. The surface is grayish-yellow or brown. The texture is firm and brittle. The section is brownish-red or brownish-yellow, and the center is earthy yellow. The gas is special and the taste is bitter and astringent. The diameter under the reed is 12cm or more. No reeds, fibrous roots, impurities, insects, mildew.
Second class: dry goods. It is conical or cylindrical, with longitudinal wrinkles, and the taproot is thick like a chicken leg, radish, and oxtail. The surface is grayish-yellow or yellowish-brown. The texture is firm and brittle. The section is brownish-red or brownish-yellow, and the center is earthy yellow. The gas is special and the taste is bitter and astringent. The diameter under the reed is 1Below 2cm, the minimum is not less than 06cm。No reeds, fibrous roots, impurities, insects, mildew.
2) Twist turnip specifications and standards for unified goods, dry goods. It is often composed of several small roots, intertwined, and braided or twisted. There are significant longitudinal wrinkles that twist to the left overall. The surface is brown or yellowish-brown, rough, with cracks showing reticular lines, and the body is light and loose. The section often has a decaying hollow, special gas, bitter taste, and the diameter under the reed is not less than 03cm。No reeds, fibrous roots, impurities, insects, mildew.
3) Specifications and standards of Xiaoqin
First class: dry goods. It is conical or cylindrical in shape. There are often several branches tangled together, twisted, and longitudinally wrinkled. The surface is yellow or yellowish-white. The body is light and loose. Yellowish-white or yellowish-brown in section. The gas is special and the taste is bitter. The length of the strip is 20cm or more. The diameter of the reed is more than 1 cm. No stems, impurities, insects, mildew.
Second class: conical or cylindrical in shape. There are branches, and the constant number of branches are entangled together, twisted. There are longitudinal wrinkles. The surface is yellow or yellowish-white. The body is light and loose. Yellowish-white or yellowish-brown in section. The gas is special and the taste is bitter. There is no distinction between length and size, but the minimum diameter under the reed is not less than 03cm。No residual stems, debris residue;No impurities, insects, mildew.
In order to make the goods easy to distinguish, they are now classified into three categories: big Qincheng, twist and small Qinjiang. The type of production area conforms to, that is, according to which specification, is not limited by region.
How to use the by-products of Qingang?
As a by-product, the stems and leaves of Qinjiang can be used as additional feed for cattle and sheep breeding. Breeding experiments have proved that the ratio of 1:10 to the stems and leaves of Qincheng stems and leaves: breeding feed is the best to add to the breeding feed, which can promote the secretion of gastric juice in cattle and sheep, help digestion, and also have anti-inflammatory, liver protection and other effects, especially in the cold winter, can increase the resistance and immunity of cattle and sheep.