At the end of the Northwest Campaign, Sharloin was ordered to return home, and the French once again changed command. In 1952, the United States sent a large number of arms to Indochina, including armored vehicles, artillery, aircraft, etc., but it did not change the decline of the Indochina battlefield, making the change of command an urgent issue.
The new ** took office, and the battle situation changed greatly.
In 1952, Eisenhower became the United States, and after personally inspecting the Korean battlefield, he came to the conclusion that the Korean War could only be resolved through negotiations. After Stalin's death, the Korean armistice negotiations resumed on April 26, 1953. This change has caused the United States to pay more attention to Indochina.
France asked for help, and the United States offered conditions.
In January 1953, French Prime Minister Meyer offered $400 million to $500 million in aid to the Indochina Expeditionary Force, but Eisenhower demanded that France take more responsibility for European defense and provide a plan of hope. Meyer ordered the "Letourna Plan" and allowed the United States to send people to visit Vietnam to ensure the strength and confidence of the French expeditionary force.
Eisenhower's letter: The dual demands of independence and substitution.
In early May, Eisenhower sent a letter to Meyer, making two demands: to grant the three Indochina countries full independence, to free themselves from political pressure from France and the United States, and to change their generals. By this time, Meyer had appointed General Henry Navarre as commander of the Indochina Expeditionary Force. Navarre's mission was to "end the war in Indochina with dignity."
Navarre made a plan and put defense first.
After careful consideration, Navarre had a clear understanding of the three offensive options of the Vietnamese army. He was worried that the Vietnamese army would choose to attack to the northwest and enter Shangliao, posing a threat to the French army. Therefore, he put forward the "Navarre Plan," the core of which was to strengthen defenses, exterminate guerrilla zones, increase troops, and seek opportunities for decisive battles. The French army prepared well before the arrival of the dry season.
The layout of the Vietnamese army: the important role of heavy artillery and anti-aircraft artillery.
Vietnam is also actively preparing during the rainy season, especially in terms of heavy artillery and anti-aircraft artillery. In 1951, China's Yunnan Military Region began equipping and training heavy howitzer regiments for the Vietnamese army in southern Yunnan. In the spring of 1953, the Guangxi Military Region established an anti-aircraft artillery training base for the Vietnamese army in Binyang County. The Vietnamese army has also transferred military advisers from China to actively conduct training.
The political reorganization of the army stimulates the combat effectiveness of the Vietnamese army.
In January 1953, the Workers' Party of Vietnam passed a resolution to implement land reform. In order to ensure that the Vietnamese army supported the land reform, the adviser proposed a political reorganization of the army to improve organizational discipline. This measure had a positive effect on the Vietnamese army and inspired their determination to resist French colonial rule.
Partial counterattack by the French army: Navarre's cautious actions.
After Navarre took office, the French army launched local counterattacks, the most successful of which was Operation Swallow on July 17, 1953. In this operation, the French army successfully parachuted in, blew up a large number of Vietnamese munitions, and caused huge logistical losses to the Vietnamese side. This cautious and forceful action demonstrated Navarre's determination and commanding skills.
Changes in the tide of the war: the withdrawal of the army and the new plan of the Vietnamese army.
On August 12, 1953, the French troops abruptly withdrew their troops there, leaving the Vietnamese army without a target for attack. Under the organization of Navarre, the French army carried out local counterattacks, including "Operation Swallow", etc. However, the Vietnamese army is preparing to renew its offensive in the next dry season, especially in the northwest, where Navarre fears most.
The new plan of the Vietnamese army: from political reorganization to anti-aircraft artillery units.
The Vietnamese army decided to adopt the Chinese scenario and put the direction of operations in the northwest, especially the third option that Navarre feared the most. The political reorganization of the army stimulated the fighting spirit of the Vietnamese army, and the addition of heavy artillery and anti-aircraft artillery strengthened the combat effectiveness of the Vietnamese army. The Vietnamese army has undergone political reorganization and is fully prepared for the upcoming dry season battles.
Through Navarre's careful planning and the meticulous preparation of the Vietnamese army, the war to aid Vietnam to resist France entered a new stage. The political reorganization of the army and the introduction of modern equipment will have a far-reaching impact on the war situation.
The history of the War of Resistance Against France in Vietnam is a chapter full of strategic wisdom and severe tests. The article details the difficulties and challenges of France in Indochina between 1952 and 1953, as well as General Navarre's cautious planning and the Vietnamese army's response strategy.
First, the article highlights U.S. support for Indochina and reveals the fact that it failed to change the tide of the war. Despite the large amount of equipment provided by the United States, the Vietnamese army still maintained the initiative on the battlefield under Navarre's ingenious plan. This reflected that in the international context at that time, the advanced technology and equipment could not completely determine the outcome of a war, and it was more necessary to have a correct strategic layout and flexible response.
Secondly, as for the reaction of France in the face of an unfavorable war situation, the article expressed two major demands put forward by Eisenhower: to give the three Indochina countries complete independent status and to change generals. This period coincided with the armistice in Korea, and the situation in Indochina became a growing concern for the United States. France's response to pressure not only reflects the game of international political forces, but also highlights the political complexity of aid conditions.
Under the leadership of General Navarre, the French army's cautious counterattacks and tactics such as "Operation Swallow" showed themselves excellently, which allowed the French army to maintain a certain strategic flexibility in the face of the deteriorating situation of the war. The article points out the success of these counterattacks, especially the precise planning and orderly command of Operation Swallow, which was a campaign for the French army to achieve morale superiority.
However, what attracts the most attention is the efficient preparation and new plans of the Vietnamese army. The political reorganization of the army had a positive effect on the Vietnamese army and inspired their determination to resist French colonial rule. At the same time, the upgrading of the Vietnamese army's technical equipment, especially the introduction of heavy artillery and anti-aircraft artillery, has strengthened the combat effectiveness of the Vietnamese army in the next dry season battle.
Generally speaking, the development of the War of Resistance Against France in Vietnam presented a complex situation of international politics, military strategy, and domestic and foreign difficulties. Through a detailed narrative, the article presents the efforts and challenges of all parties at that time. This period of history is not only a profound reflection on the cruelty of war, but also a high praise for military wisdom and strategic vision. The impact of this war transcended the geographical scope of the time and had far-reaching implications for later military theory and international relations.
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