In addition to Peking Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Ping Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Kunqu Opera, wh

As a traditional art in China, opera has a wide variety of interesting plays, integrating "singing, reading, doing, and playing", which is unique in the history of world theater. Chinese Kunqu opera with Greek tragedy and comedy, Indian Sanskrit operaAnd calledThe world's three oldest theatrical cultures。The first two are extinct, and only Kunqu opera is still in vogue.

In fact, in addition to Peking Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Kunqu Opera, the dramas of various provinces and cities in China have their own splendor.

According to the Chinese Academy of Arts, in the 1950s and 1960s, there were 367 opera genres in the country, including more than 50 newly created opera genres (i.e., emerging opera genres).In 1982, the survey and statistics made during the compilation of the "Encyclopedia of China: Opera Volume" found that there were still 317 types of operas at that time;By 2005, there were only 267 genres left. There are tens of thousands of traditional plays, of which there are more than 50 popular well-known plays.

Among the many types of opera, Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera are considered to be the peak of traditional Chinese drama, while other common operas include Henan Opera, Cantonese Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Ping Opera Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Liyuan Opera, Flower Drum Opera, Shadow Puppet Opera, etc.

Peking Opera, once known as Ping Opera (formerly known as Beiping because of Beijing), is one of the distinctive Chinese dramas formed by absorbing the advantages of local folk tunes, and is also known as "Peking Opera" because of its prosperous development in Beijing. It is the "number one" of the three tripods of Chinese opera and is recognized as the quintessence of the country. In 2010, Peking Opera was inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Since the 55th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1790), the four major Hui troupes that were originally performed in the south - Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun entered Beijing one after another, cooperated with Han artists from Hubei, and at the same time incorporated the advantages of Kunqu Opera, Qin Dialect, Bangzi and Yiyang Dialect singing, and participated in some local folk tunes, and finally became Peking Opera. The tone of Peking Opera is dominated by Xipi and Erhuang, and is mainly accompanied by huqin, gongs and drums.

Peking Opera singing is mainly composed of "Erhuang" and "Xipi", so Peking Opera is also called "Pi Huang". The rhythm of "Erhuang" (Hui tune, southern vocal cavity) is soothing and steady, and the singing tone is more dignified and vigorous, mostly expressing depressed, sad and indignant, and passionate emotions. "Xipi" (Qin cavity, northern vocal cavity) has a compact rhythm and large ups and downs, and the singing voice is brisk, smooth, bright and lively. In the traditional singing voice, Danjiao is mainly divided into four major schools: Mei School, Cheng School, Xun School, and Shang School.

Peking Opera is a representative of modern Chinese opera and the quintessence of China.

Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, was produced in 1906 and is one of the main types of Chinese opera. It is known as a national drama. In May 2006, Yue Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.

Originated in Shengzhou, Zhejiang, and originated in Shanghai, Yue Opera has absorbed the culmination of Kunqu Opera, Drama, Shao Opera and other characteristic operas in its development, and has experienced a historical evolution from men's Yue Opera to women's Yue Opera.

The tunes of Yue Opera are tactful and soft, for example, the main theme of the violin concerto "Liang Zhu" adopts the tune of Yue Opera.

Yue opera has many themes of "talented and beautiful women", which is long in lyricism, mainly singing, beautiful and elegant, and has the spirit of Jiangnan Lingxiu. There are many schools of art, and there are as many as 13 schools of thought.

In 1939, Yue Opera already had many fans and fans in Shanghai, and many names of Yue Opera at this time, such as foreign propaganda, small song troupe, Du Class, Shaoxing literary opera, and grass stage troupe, were all used separately.

Soon, Yao Shuijuan, the head and shoulders of the "Yue Yin Stage", hired Fan Dimin of "Ta Kung Pao" to change the name of "Shaoxing Opera" to a fixed name. After Fan turned to Li Bai's poem "Yue Nu Ci", after playing with Li's artistic conception, the poem "The mirror lake is like the moon, and the Yexi woman is like snow." The new makeup is a new wave, and the scene is wonderful. Fan Dimin felt the beauty of the Yue woman and the beauty of the land, so he decided to use the word "Yue Opera".

At the same time, Fan Dimin submitted an article in the "Drama Daily" to justify the name of "Yue Opera", telling his theater peers and audiences. Since then, it has gradually been collectively referred to as "Yue Opera" in various places.

In 1982, in order to cultivate Yue Opera talents, Zhejiang carefully selected 28 girls with an average age of less than 18 years old from more than 2,000 opera students in the province to form the Xiaobaihua Training Class. Later, the more representative five people in the troupe, Mao Weitao, He Saifei, Dong Kedi, He Ying, and Fang Xuewen, were known as the "Five Golden Flowers" of Xiaobaihua.

Contemporary Huangmei opera masters include: Han Zaifen, Ma Lan, Wu Qiong, Wu Xiulian, Li Ping, Yu Shuhua, Li Wen, Yang Jun.

The representative repertoire of Yue Opera includes "Liang Zhu", "Dream of Red Mansions", "Jade Hairpin", "The Legend of the West Chamber" and so on.

It is one of the five major opera genres in China, and is the main local opera in Anqing City, Anhui Province. In the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, tea picking was combined with the local folk opera of Huangmei, Hubei Province, and gradually developed into a new type of opera with singing and recitation, which was the prototype of the early Huangmei opera.

Later, Huangmei Tune borrowed and absorbed the **, performances and repertoire of Qingyang dialect and Hui tune, and began to perform "this play". Later, it gradually developed and grew in Anqing Province. In the 50s of the last century, it developed into the main local opera genre in Anhui.

In 2006, Huangmei Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.

In 1952, Anqing Huangmei opera artists brought "Pigweed" and "Blue Bridge Meeting" to Shanghai to perform, which were widely acclaimed.

In 1952, the newspaper reported that year's award for "Pigweed". From left: Ding Zichen and Yan Fengying.

Since then, Huangmei Opera has gradually grown from a local opera in Anqing to a national opera, and has become famous in the Chinese world.

Director: Shi Hui, Screenwriter: Lu Hongfei, Sang Arc, Starring: Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Zhang Yunfeng.

In 1955, directed by Shi Hui and co-starred by Yan Fengying and Wang Shaofang, "Tianxian Pei" caused a sensation at home and abroad.

Yan Fengying (1930-1968), formerly known as Yan Hongliu, was an outstanding performing artist of Huangmei Opera and an important pioneer and inheritor of the development of Huangmei Opera"Seven fairies"Shaper.

So much so that a large number of so-called "Huangmei films" appeared in the Hong Kong and Taiwan film circles for a period of time. Among them, the production of Shaw Brothers Film Company is more typical.

Director Li Hanxiang made a number of Huangmei movies at that time. Representative works include: "Diao Chan", "The Beauty of the Rivers and Mountains", "The Phoenix Returns to the Nest", "Yang Naiwu and the Little Cabbage", "Yutang Spring" and so on. These "Huangmei Tune" films have also played a great role in promoting the spread of Huangmei Opera in Hong Kong, Taiwan and overseas. Until the 21st century, there are still Hong Kong and Taiwan movies interspersed with Huangmei Opera (or with Huangmei Opera style) singing, such as Faye Wong, Tony Leung starring "The World is Unique" and so on.

Huangmei opera sings simple and smooth, is known for its bright lyricism, and has rich expressiveness;The performance is simple and detailed, and it is known for being real and lively.

The representative repertoire includes "Tianxian Pei", "Female Horse" and so on.

Ancient Greek drama, Indian Sanskrit opera, and Kunqu opera are known as the world's three major classical operas. The first two have long since disappeared, leaving Kunqu Opera to bloom like a flower.

Born in the south, growing up in the south, and immersed in the dense water vapor of the south of the Yangtze River and the soft language of Wu Nong, Kunqu Opera is full of style and elegance from skin to bone. A Kunqu opera is a dream of another world. Dream-seeking Kunqu opera is also the gentle heritage and aesthetic character of dream-seeking ancient China.

In the 50s of the 20th century, ** once described Kunqu Opera as "in the opera Fangyuan".An orchidIt is elegant and noble, and the meaning is long.

Beauty is the unanimous evaluation of Kunqu Opera by countless viewers throughout the ages.

Mr. Bai Xianyong said: "Kunqu Opera is a beautiful peony flower in our backyard. ”

Zhu Donglin, president of the China Kunqu Opera Pingtan Research Institute, said: Kunqu opera "beauty lies in the singing, figure, rhetoric, affection, and beauty in the whole temperament and atmosphere." In the words of theater fans, from 'skin' to 'bone'. ”

Kunqu opera takes singing as the center, and the sound used in singing is "Zhongzhou rhyme", which is mainly accompanied by musical instruments such as flutes, drums, and boards, and is entangled in style. It is tactful and delicate, so it has the elegant name of "water mill cavity".

Its stage performance form is also known as "Kunqu Opera", because of its rich performance methods, high danceability, and singing and lyrics, forming exquisite artistic norms, affecting all local operas that came out later, so it is known as the "mother of a hundred operas".

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Kunqu opera spread to the north and combined with the languages of the northern region to form "Northern Kun";Kunqu opera, which was originally popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, was called "Nankun".

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, everyone from the court dignitaries to the peddlers and pawns loved Kunqu Opera. There is a proverb: "Every family 'cleans up', and every household 'doesn't beware'", which reflects the extent to which Kunqu Opera was widely popular and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people at that time.

Beikun is biased towards ups and downs, and has strong jumping;Nankun pays attention to the pronunciation and delicate workmanship, which is more elegant. In 2008, Kunqu Opera was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

Kunqu opera is characterized by its dynamic structure and melody. Kunqu opera is accompanied by bamboo flutes, snare drums, wooden clappers, gongs, and cymbals, all of which are used to embellish the movements and emotions on stage. Kunqu opera is known for its virtuoso rhythmic pattern (changqiang) and has had a profound influence on Chinese opera or, for example, later Sichuan opera or Peking opera.

In the 1910s, Cheng Zhaocai combined the rap art Lotus Fall with bouncing opera, and absorbed some performance methods and elements of Hebei Bangzi and Peking Opera, and was also influenced by Tangshan shadow puppetry, creating a new type of drama named "Pingxiang Bangzi". Later, in order not to be confused with the name of Peking Opera, Cheng Zhaocai changed the abbreviation of "Pingxiang Bangzi" to "Pingju" and "Pingxi", and this name was established until now.

After 1950, Shengxing (Lao Sheng, Xiaosheng Xingdang) actor Wei Rongyuan and ** Jia He Fei, Yang Pei and others will Pingju tunes and Peking Opera Jingxing (big flower face;Flower face;Large flower noodles;Flowers;Large-faced) is combined to create a net line of drama commentary.

In 1955, Changchun Film Studio produced New China's first Pingju film "Qin Xianglian", and successfully presented Bao Zheng in the film with Pingju Jingxing.

Pingju is known for its singing, the lyrics are simple and easy to understand, the singing is clear and complaining, the performance has a strong atmosphere of life, and has a cordial folk taste.

Representative repertoire includes "Yang Naiwu and Little Cabbage", "Flower as the Matchmaker" (starring Xin Fengxia), "Qin Xianglian", "Yang Sanjie's Complaint", "Hitting the Golden Branch", "The Legend of the White Snake", "Moon Worship", "Jinsha River", "Xie Yaohuan", "Liu Qiaoer", "Home", "Qiankun Belt", "Phoenix Returns to the Nest", "Han Yuniang", "Peach". Flower. An" and so on.

Representative figures: Bai Yushuang, Xiao Bai Yushuang, Xin Fengxia, Wei Rongyuan, Ma Tai, Zhao Lirong, Li Yilan, Zhang Defu, Li Weiquan, etc.

Henan opera is one of the five major opera genres in China, originating in Kaifeng, Henan, and originating from Bangzi, Henan. Henan opera is known for its sonorous singing, moderate modulation, clear pronunciation, mellow charm, and good at expressing the inner emotions of the characters. It is popular for its high degree of artistry.

Because the early actors sang with their own voices, they used falsetto to turn the high-tail tape "Eulogy" when starting and closing the cavity, which is also called "Henan Eulogy". It is also named Henan Bangzi because of its ** accompaniment with jujube wood bangzi, Henan opera is based on the inheritance of Henan Bangzi, through continuous improvement and innovation and development. After 1950, it was renamed Henan Opera.

Henan opera is in a three-legged situation with Gezai opera and Peking opera on the stage in Taiwan. According to 2004 statistics, there were as many as 160 Yu opera troupes in Chinese mainland. On May 20, 2006, Henan Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

The representative repertoire includes "Mulan", "Mu Guiying in Command", "Cheng Ying Saves the Orphan", "Seven Sesame Officials", "Chaoyanggou", "Jin Niang" and so on.

Also known as "Guangdong opera", it originated from Foshan. It has a history of more than 100 years, with a history of more than 100 years, in Cantonese-speaking areas such as Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as in Southeast Asia, North America, Australia, Mexico, Cuba and other areas inhabited by Cantonese Chinese.

On May 20, 2006, Cantonese opera was successfully inscribed on the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List. On September 30, 2009, Cantonese opera was inscribed on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Cantonese opera can be traced back to the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty and began to appear in Liangguang. Cantonese opera takes the strengths of Yiyang dialect, Kun dialect, Han opera, Hui opera, Qin dialect and many other languages, and has its own style. It is not only in line with the traditional opera culture, but also has strong Lingnan cultural characteristics. Each Cantonese opera industry has its own unique costumes.

Cantonese opera is a performing art that combines singing, reading, acting, and playing, musicians' music, stage costumes, and abstract forms.

In the early days, Cantonese opera troupes took specially rented "red boats" to shuttle back and forth along the inland rivers of the Pearl River to perform in various ports, so they were also called Cantonese opera artists "children of red boats".

Cantonese opera was initially composed of two strings, a moon qin, a third string, a bamboo violin, and a flute, and later absorbed some other new musical instruments. Cantonese opera originally had ten major trades: end, sheng, dan, jing, ugly, outside, small, husband, paste, and miscellaneous, and later streamlined into six categories: Wenwusheng, Xiaosheng, Zhengyindan, Erbang Huadan, Chousheng, and Wusheng.

According to historical records, in 1925, there were more than 40 large-scale Cantonese opera troupes in Guangzhou, and the number of people in each class could be as many as 150. In Guangzhou, there are ten major drama venues such as "Haizhu", "Leshan", "Taiping", "Baohua", "Folk Music" and "Henan".

During the same period, the five major schools of "Xue Ma Gui Bai Liao" began to emerge. At that time, the income of the elders was quite considerable, and when they could buy two loads of rice per yuan, their annual income could be as high as 180,000 yuan.

According to incomplete statistics, there were more than 100 full-time artists who were active in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macao during this period, and there were as many as 4,000 or 5,000 new playwrights. It can be said to be the first era of Cantonese opera.

Cantonese opera is an artistic treasure in Hong Kong and Macao, and has spread to the rest of the world with the Chinese who have migrated overseas and their love and singing of Cantonese opera.

The representative repertoire includes "The Emperor's Flower", "The Hatred of Shen Yuan", "Qin Xianglian", "The Dream of the Peony Pavilion", "The Godson of the Three Niangs" and so on.

Also known as "Bangzi Cavity", one of the ancient dramas of the Han nationality in China. Originated in Shaanxi in 1807 in the Qing Dynasty, it is a type of opera in the official dialect of the Central Plains of Chinese. On May 20, 2006, Qin cavity was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

The Qin cavity is characterized by using the jujube wood bangzi as a percussion instrument, so it is also called "bangzi cavity", commonly known as "bangzi cavity" (like bangzi sound) and random playing, and bangzi cavity belongs to the so-called four major sound cavities.

In the history of Shaanxi, there are two completely different operas that have been called "Qin dialect", and the one with a longer history was later renamed "Han Tune Ergong", and the Han tune 2 reed has nothing to do with the Qin dialect in this entry.

Originated in Shaanxi, originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and matured in Qin. In ancient times, Shaanxi and Gansu belonged to the Qin State, so it was called "Qin Cavity".

Qin's performance skills are simple, rough, bold, full of exaggeration, strong life atmosphere, and rich skills.

The representative repertoire includes "Spring and Autumn Pen", "Eight Meanings", "He's Bi", "Three Drops of Blood" and so on.

Commonly known as Sichuan opera, it is popular in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and parts of Yunnan. There are many differences in the time of origin, but there is a consensus that it was formed in the Qing Dynasty. A flick of his sleeves, a turn of his face, and a change of face. The charm of Sichuan Opera lies not in the difficulty of the skills, but in the variety of life it shows. Life is like a play, and drama is like life. As an intangible cultural heritage, Sichuan Opera is a treasure of history, culture and art.

Sichuan opera has five kinds of vocal cavities, including high cavity, Kun cavity, huqin, bullet cavity, and lamp tone, and the difference from other operas is that it is particularly high cavity. A technique that is often praised in Sichuan opera is face changing. On May 20, 2006, Sichuan Opera was successfully included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Sichuan opera is composed of five vocal cavities: Kun dialect, high dialect, huqin, danxi, and lamp tone. Among them, Sichuan opera is rich in high-pitched songs, which have local characteristics and are the main singing form of Sichuan opera.

Sichuan opera mask is an important part of Sichuan opera performing arts.

Representative repertoire includes "Selling Paintings and Auctioning Doors", "Wutai Brothers", "The Legend of the White Snake", "Xue Baochai" and so on.

Ming Xu Wei] "Narrative of Southern Words": "Southern opera began in the Song Guangzong Dynasty. ”

One of the traditional operas of Fujian Province, originated in Quanzhou in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and is known as "ancient southern opera". fossils". On May 20, 2006, Liyuan Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Liyuan, originally a place name in Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was later associated with the art of opera and became synonymous with art organizations and artists because of the Tang Dynasty's Xuanzong Li Longji teaching performers here. The Peking Opera world traced its roots to the place of "Liyuan", so the name "Liyuan" was used, and the opera Xi was called Liyuan Jie or Liyuan Xing, and the opera actors were called Liyuan children.

The repertoire of Liyuan drama is relatively old, and many southern opera scripts have been retained. The Ming Dynasty was a period of great development and exchange of Fujian opera. Puxian Opera, Liyuan Opera, and Bamboo Circus gradually moved towards stereotype from the birth and maturity of the Song and Yuan dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, showing their own unique artistic styles and vocal personalities.

Such as "Cai Bojiao", "Wang Kui", "Zhu Maichen", "Meng Jiangnu", "Dong Yong", "Red Leaf Sword Lu Yu", "Chen Sanwu Niang" and so on.

It is a type of opera with the same name in the local opera of the whole country, and usually refers to Hunan Flower Drum Opera. Flower Drum Opera is a collective name for Flower Drum Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Lantern Opera and Yanghua Willow and other operas in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui and Guangdong. Changsha, Hengyang, Changde, Lingling, Jingzhou and other regions all have different characteristics of flower drum opera.

The Hunan Flower Drum Opera is widely spread and has a great influence.

Hunan Flower Drum Opera originates from folk songs, and is divided into six major genres of Flower Drum Opera in Changsha, Yueyang, Hengzhou, Shaoyang, Changde and Yongzhou due to different popular areas.

Due to the differences in language and customs, different artistic styles are formed, but the main instrument used is the "flower drum tube".

Classification of flower drum plays

Henan: Henan Flower Drum (Guangshan Flower Drum).

Shaanxi: Flower drum opera in southern Shaanxi.

Anhui: Fengyang Flower Drum Opera, Southern Anhui Flower Drum Opera, Huaibei Flower Drum Opera, Southern Anhui Flower Drum Opera.

Hubei: Donglu Flower Drum Opera, Yuan'an Flower Drum Opera, Xiangyang Flower Drum Opera, Jingzhou Flower Drum Opera, Yunyang Flower Drum Opera, Suixian Flower Drum Opera, Huangxiao Flower Drum Opera, Tianchu Flower Drum Opera, Yangxin Flower Drum Opera, Huangmei Cai Tea Opera, Liangshan Tune, Wenqu Opera, Violin Opera, Yanghualiu, Enshi Lantern Opera, Badongtang Opera.

Hunan: Changsha Flower Drum Opera, Ningxiang Flower Drum Opera, Yueyang Flower Drum Opera, Changde Flower Drum Opera, Hengyang Flower Drum Opera, Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera, Lingling Flower Drum Opera.

Guangdong: Lechang Flower Drum Opera.

The repertoire includes "Bangs Chopping Wood", "Three Sons Fighting for Father", "Yunnan Looking for a Husband", "Bang Hai Plays Jin Toad" and so on.

It is also called "shadow play", "lamp shadow play", "earth shadow play", which began in the Western Han Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Qing Dynasty, with a long history.

Shadow puppetry is a type of folk theatre in which light sources such as candles or burning alcohol are illuminated with silhouettes made of animal skins or cardboard to perform stories.

Behind a white curtain, the artists manipulate the shadow figures while telling a story to a locally popular tune, accompanied by percussion instruments and. String music, with a strong local flavor.

Common traditional repertoire includes "Picking Up the Jade Bracelet", "Yang Jiajiang", "Journey to the West", "Fengshen Bang" and so on.