Jiajing Emperor Zonglu Reform The problem of Zonglu in the Ming Dynasty is still grim
In June of the forty-third year of Jiajing, King Yiyang asked Zhu Daogong to stop giving the clan a silver price. In July of the 43rd year of Jiajing, Zhu Junjie, the king of Shanyin, proposed to depose the king of Sanyin because the king of Sanyin was in danger of being attacked. In August of the forty-third year of Jiajing, Zhu Xianhuai, the king of Wugang, preached that he would be able to use his civil and military talents to establish a sect, and he would be given an official position without the eyes of the pope.
Judging from a certain content, the purpose of these feudal officials to make suggestions is twofold: one is to improve the quality of the clan, and the other is to save the cost of the palace. The recommendations on Zongxue and the Princely Ministers were mainly aimed at improving the education of the royal family, while other proposals, such as concessions to the royal family, the suspension of the payment of salaries, the abolition of unnecessary positions, and the prohibition of impostors, were aimed at saving the imperial court expenses on the royal family. These measures were mainly aimed at the lower clans, and were cooperated by foreign vassals, and rarely touched the actual interests of the royal princes. Although Emperor Jiajing carried out"Clan reform", but the clan problems in the Ming Dynasty were still very serious.
The controversy of the Wanli Dynasty over the imposition of feudal bans.
During the Wanli Dynasty, the imperial court once again focused on the controversy over clan policy, and many proposed to abolish the feudal ban in order to reduce court expenses. Therefore, the subject of this debate is:"Unbanned"。
The earliest right"Lifting the ban on feudal domains"The opinion was expressed by Zhou Wangzhu in May of the 11th year of Wanli, who resolutely opposed the ban on the opening of the domain:"Restricting the title of knighthood is very detrimental to the clan, and relaxing the ban on the imperial examination is really suspected of interfering with the constitutional system of the clan and is difficult to discuss lightly. The annual grain of this province is more than 100,000, if you are willing to pay taxes, Zonglu still has a surplus, begging for the old system. "
Zhu Zai listened to the ban on the imperial examination and opposed the hereditary system, which could not be changed at will. Shenzong ordered the minister of the imperial examination to talk to the ministry. In June of the 14th year of Wanli, Zhu Junhua, the king of Shanyin, played on the issue of the clan: the first emperor cared about the clan, and sent the servant Wanxiang Chun to the three provinces to discuss the affairs of the clan, which has 16 paragraphs. It is possible to make ten paragraphs, and it is useless to make six paragraphs.
It can be ten paragraphs, the amount, the tax, the surplus, the lord, the forbidden city, the criminal responsibility, the choice of marriage, the common ancestor, the city, and the king. During the period, detailed discussions, secret discussions, able to repair entanglement diseases, clans, six discords, opening the government, gambling, birth report, pregnancy report, sect discussion, and guest etiquette discussion.
Zhu Junjie summarized the discussion of the clan issue, a total of 16 paragraphs, of which 10 paragraphs are applicable"Forbidden land", 10 of which apply, Zhu Junjie said that the imperial court can release the forbidden land inside and outside the clan, as for whether to enter the four articles, once again carefully consider. On November 21, the 11th year of Wanli, the imperial court lifted the ban on the clan under the command of Lieutenant Fengguo and allowed them to apply for the examination.
Two months later, that is, in the first month of the twenty-second year of Wanli, Zhu Zaiyu, the son of the Zheng family, perfected seven contents in response to the ban on entry of the imperial court
First, it was allowed to send the children of the clan who did not want to be entitled under Fengguo County to Min County and Fang County.
2. In the old sect system, although there are rewards for changing the text in the examination, it is difficult for students above the lieutenant level in the vice state to give more rewards, please decide according to the old sect system, there is no need to take the examination in the school, and it is not appropriate to be promoted.
3. The children of the clan are enrolled in school, such as the living eternal crown.
4. Lieutenant Fengguo, etc., to be given the name of the examiner, if there is no name, from his name, shall not be mixed with the name, Huabiao, all under the national surname, clan title.
5. The statutes of the town, the state and the auxiliary state, etc., please judge from above.
Sixth, except for the Quan, the sage has not heard the scarf waiting.
Seventh, Zong Rou's origin is from King Shixian as a person, but the name makes the teeth. Emperor Shenzong is even more"On the same day, the clan registration will be implemented, the fetters will be removed, and the people will be returned from the nationality", indicating the importance that the imperial court attaches to the promotion of the Emperor Xianzong.
During the Wanli period, Zhu Jun, the king of Zhou, Zhu Jun, the king of Shanyin, and Zhu Zaiyu, the son of Zheng Shizi, were there"The ban of the relaxation clan"The dispute on this issue shows that there were differences between feudal emperors on whether the ban on the clan should be relaxed, and it also represents three points of view, namely.
1. The decisive ground against the offense is against it;Second, the prohibition of one city can be relaxed, but the karma of four people cannot be relaxedThird, it is possible to relax the prohibition of one city, but not the karma of three people, only the karma of three people and the karma of four people. Third, the city ban can be implemented, but some detailed regulations are required. It can be seen from the content of these three articles that their various suggestions are mainly aimed at the members of the lower-level clans, and the feudal lords, especially the princes, have no way to guarantee the lifting of the ban.
Examining the political behavior of the clan kings, three aspects can be clearly seen: first, the clan kings are the least likely to make suggestions to the ** court and the emperor, but they also have the most taboos;Second, the kings of the dynasty had reference to local affairs, but to a certain extent they played a supervisory role in local authorities;Third, the kings of the clan are most concerned about the affairs of the clan because it concerns their own interests. The village kings are most concerned about clan affairs because it is related to their own interests. Not only did the princes take the initiative to participate, but the court also invited them to speak, and many of their suggestions were adopted by the court.
Princes, kings and armies.
We know that after the end of the feudal system in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the princes and kings no longer led troops to fight, and the royal guards were also dismissed one by one, and there was no power to lead troops, and there was no possibility of participating in military activities, which was contrary to the political purpose of Zhu Yuanzhang's feudal system. After the dynasty was broken, the vassal kings of the Ming Dynasty only had the power to report the local military situation, and some feudal officials had the ambition to serve the country and took the initiative to join the army and the king, but they were all rejected by the imperial court, and some were also keen on martial arts and whipping.
Jiangxi Ju Note" contains, Ming Taizu sealed the princes and kings at the border of the famous capital, and the princes and kings were all over the mountains and forests to carry out the defense of the famous capital. Due to the reduction of feudal domains by the imperial court, the feudal kings could no longer fulfill their carefully arranged political roles. But it is precisely because of this that Zhu Yuanzhang divided the princes into border areas and mining provinces, so that the princes could understand the local military situation as soon as possible, report to the palace in a timely manner, and sometimes put forward some constructive opinions on the situation in the border areas.
The first is the side newspaper. In November of the 10th year of Xuande, Qingwang Zhu played the preparations for border defense, the specific situation is unknown, we only know the content"Detailed", so Yingzong praised King Qing"Loyalty, love and sincerity"。If it weren't for my uncle's efforts, how could I have achieved such a great result, I can only be proud and deeply grateful"。And he gave him five hundred horses. In October of the first year of orthodoxy, Zhu Chong, the king of Han, also wrote to discuss the boundary map, and the "Records of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty" did not record the specific content, but it was written that Yingzong praised the king of Han"King Xian"："I know the territory map very well, which shows that the uncle of the sect is serious about the heart of the former virtuous king, and the consideration is deep and broad, although it is not an exaggeration. "
In addition to discussing border affairs, the feudal officials sometimes put forward specific opinions to the imperial court on specific border situations. In the third year of Jiajing, the Datong rebel army Gu Cao proclaimed himself emperor in chaos, and Zhu Jun asked the imperial court to issue a clear edict to re-amnesty. In the ninth year of Jiajing, Zhu Di, the grandson of Zhu Chongjiao, succeeded to the throne, Datong State, Zhu Chongjiao saw the hardship of the soldiers and people of the clan, and sent ministers to assist in the thirteenth year of Jiajing. In Chenghua, Xia Yan, the secretary of the Ministry of Rites, thought it advisable to calmly consult with the ministers such as King Taishun, Zhang Zan, and Cen Zhongliang, a general pacification officer, to explain the purpose of helping the poor, so as to appease the Dewei court, the army, and the common people.
Generally speaking, the situation of the vassal king's border was not common in the Ming Dynasty. It was more common for the vassal king to report the border situation to the palace and ask for troops to defend it.
In the eighth year of Chenghua, the vassal king Su Wang Zhu Lu went north to capture Zuo Zongtang, ** exhausted, and the original guard was selected and transferred to the imperial camp and Yansui Chong Ganliang, a total of more than 2,450 people Su Wang was worried that the people who defended the city in Huzhou were not enough to take advantage of the weakness, and asked the imperial camp Ganliang Chong to stay in the integrity of the guard, and the military department Shangshu asked the governor and other officials to verify the actual situation, and finally decided to hear about it. In the thirteenth year of Hongzhi, King Zhu Junjian was worried about the depth of the prisoners and thieves, and rebelled against the county. The reply given by the Ministry of War was:"Recently, the thief went east, Datong is a little peaceful, please leave a book to appease the king. "
Second, local military intelligence. In February of the tenth year of Xuande, Zhu Junyuan, the king of Zhao, said:"Kou was in Cizhou, burning, killing and looting, and more than 100 people such as King Chai wanted to rebel against Changde City. "Yingzong said that he had sent a lieutenant to arrest the thieves and reminded King Zhao to take precautions.
In the second year of Chenghua, Tang King Zhu Qiongyin"Thieves run rampant", asking the palace to elect a general to suppress bandits. At the same time, the original 1,200 Tang Palace guards were required to stay in Nanyang and repair the city in case of emergency. Wang Fu, the secretary of the military department, believed that after the soldiers defending the city near Nanyang were transferred to Dengzhou, the Tang palace guards could not be returned, and he sent the chief military officer Zhu Yong to lead the division and others to appease them, which may be the purpose of the Tang Wang's edict. From the Sutra.
In the second year of Chenghua, Zhu Junxu, the king of Xiangjun, wrote a letter to report the thief, and wrote in the letter that Bai Gui, who was in charge of Jingxiang's military affairs in charge of the Ministry of Industry, did not dare to open the letter. This incident shows that only the emperor has the right to open the letters of the princes reporting the local military situation.
During the Zhengde period, local riots were frequent, and it was not uncommon for princes to report on the local military situation and ask the imperial court to send troops. In the fourth year of Zhengde, the thief Wang Chenger of Leping County, Jiangxi Province rebelled, and took away the county order Wang He and left. Zhu Youxiang, the king of Huaibei, went to the imperial court, and the court ordered the city patrol officers to arrest his subordinates, and then used troops to recruit them, which lasted several years, and the problem was still not solved.
In the sixth year of Zhengde, more than 1,000 people such as Shanxi thief Li Hua and others plundered Guanzhao Village and Chorus Villa in neighboring counties together with Liu Liu and others. So Zhu Zhiyang, the king of Jin, also surrendered and asked for troops.
In September of the same year, Liu Pan attacked Qingzhou, Yizhou, Yanzhou and other princes and feudal towns, and Zhu Youzhen, the king of Jin, asked for troops to rescue. In March of the seventh year of Zhengde, Xingwang Zhu Youzhen:"20,000 thieves attacked from Yuzhou to Nanyang, very close to Anlu, please send troops to occupy De'an Pass in Xiangyang"。Therefore, he ordered Wuzong, the prefect and the city patrol envoy to guard the De'an Pass. At the same time, King Zheng Zhu You also announced that he would discuss:"Since the spread of thieves, the eight provinces of Henan have been isolated from the world, all of which are beneficial to military defense, and the soldiers of Huaiqing Mansion have been transferred to other places, so please keep them in case of emergency. "And with it.
In February of the eighth year of Zhengde, Gongwang Zhu Junzhang played Ru's Gongying Company, begging to move, and it was empty as soon as possible. In June of the eighth year of Zhengde, King Gong Zhu Zhiyang played"More than 10,000 people were captured in Guandingguan Yanmen, and then plundered Wutai, Fangzhi, Quanquan and other places, penetrating more than 500 miles, which was not conducive to destruction. "The military department responded to the order and called on Akino and others to send troops.