Ancient Egyptian History Study The bravery and warfare characteristics of the early Mamluk army
The Mongol conquest of the West and the war years between the Mamluk army.
By the time the Mamluk dynasty had not yet been established, the Mongols had already appeared on the horizon of Eurasia. Their footprints are found in Saxony and eastern Iran, including the countries of Khorezm, the eastern Caspian Sea, southern Russia, the Kipchak steppe, Georgia, Seljuk-rum, and Armenia. The Mongols were preparing to march into Iraq and even Egypt.
In 1258, Genghis Khan's grandson, Sulegu, led a Mongol army into Iran, captured Baghdad, and executed the caliph. In 1259, a Mongol army attempted to cross the Euphrates River into Iran.
In January 1260, Western Mongol armies captured Aleppo and in February 1260 Damascus, and the Mongols also attacked Gaza and Hebron. Mamluk Sultan Baibars and his rival Kufuzofiqput, who were rivals at the time, realized the gravity of the Mongols' westward advance and compromised to form a united front against the Mongols. In September 1260, the first battle was fought at Ainzarut between the Mamluk army and the Mongol army led by Kiltehbukhwa, and it is recorded that at first all the Mongol warriors had the upper hand, but later Kuvzi seized the opportunity and the Mamluk army defeated the Mongol army. The Mongol general Git Bowa was captured. Since then, the Mongols have never reached such a remote place.
This victory had a huge psychological impact on the entire Mamluk people, showing that the Mongols were not invincible, which also provided a convincing argument for the legitimacy of Mamluk rule. In terms of diplomacy and policy, the Mongols wanted to establish embassies with the European ** religious countries in order to plan a joint response to the enemies of Islam. Therefore, Baibal decided to form an alliance with Beltseb Khan of the Golden Horde in order to end the rule of the Ilkhanids, whose rule collapsed after the death of Abu-Saeed Khan in 1335 and Egypt became an invincible power in the region.
The Mongols and even the Crusaders were not enough to pose a military threat. Egypt also emerged from the economic consequences of the Mongol conquest of other regions and became a leading center. The victory of the Mamluks entailed many consequences, the most important of which was that if the Mongols had defeated Egypt, they might have also defeated the Western world, including Andalusia, and even Europe. After the fall of Baghdad, Egypt, which had survived the war, became the center of Islamic thought.
The end of the Crusades in Egypt.
The continued threat of Mongol forces in the West and the invasion of the Frankish Crusaders led to a strong desire among the Egyptians to unite with the Mamluk army and destroy the remnants of the Frankish Crusaders and other Western European interests along the Palestinian coast. After the Battle of Ain Zalut, the Baíbars also began to pursue two main objectives: to unify Egypt into a Mamluk state with a well-trained and disciplined standing army to prevent a Mongol comeback;Exterminate the Latins in Palestine.
In the coastal areas, this involved the armies of military emirates and Italian cities, especially Genoa and Venice, which occupied the best agricultural land or prosperous urban centers. Although the Crusaders posed less threat to the Mongols in the short term, the territories they occupied were unacceptable in the long term for strategic reasons, and the Crusaders saw the ports and fortresses established by the Mamluks as bases for their future operations, and they coordinated their strategy with the Mongol Empire several times in the 13th century to complete the alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk army.
In 1248, King Louis IX of France attacked Egypt from Cyprus. However, Egypt ran into problems due to the seasonal flooding of the Nile. The floods rendered the army on land incapacitated, while the Mamluk defenders, who were more familiar with the climatic conditions, gained the upper hand. Later, the Knights of the Cape of Good Hope built a fortress on Mount Tabor, northwest of Baíbars, threatening the Mamluk route to Palestine.
Thus, in 1263, Baíbars attacked Mount Tabor for the first time, destroying the partially completed fortifications. In the same year, he organized expeditions to other Crusader territories, and in 1265 captured Caesarea, one of the Crusader ports. In response, the pope announced a ban on direct inter-merchant relations after 1291, which was not lifted until 1344. The successive promulgation of these political terms directly accelerated the Mamluk resistance to the Crusader invasion of the Middle East.
In 1291, Ashraf Shearer, Gahrawin's son, led a Mamluk army on an expedition of nearly three months, capturing the Palestinian city of Acre, recapturing several Frankish castles and fortresses along the way. In 1311, Pope Clement V summoned two envoys of King Henry I of Cyprus, James de Cascialis and Simon Cassiadis. At a meeting in Vienna, the Armenian king submitted a memorandum to the Pope and the Parliament with recommendations on how to conduct a new crusade to reconquer the holy places occupied by the Mamluks in 1291. The purpose of the memorandum was to reconquer the holy places occupied by the Mamluks in 1291. The proposal is divided into two parts. The first part proposes to impose an embargo on Egypt, to be carried out by a Latin galleon, to impose a naval blockade of the territory of the Mamluks, in which Cyprus played a key role.
Egypt lacked iron, wood, and resin, and wood was used in Egypt not only for the construction of ships sailing on the Nile, but also for the construction of canals. The ** and stirrups of the cavalry were made of iron, while resin was used to cover the ships. Forbidden"Hypocrites"The purchase of these goods would also make it impossible for the Sultan to profit from the ** of these goods, forcing the Sultan to either give up these territories or spend a lot of money to fortify them. The imposition of an embargo on the ** merchants of all these goods from the Black Sea coast to Egypt via Istanbul and the Dardanelles would seriously weaken the power of Sudan. The second part of the proposal supports the continuation of the first campaign based in Cyprus and the sending of regular reinforcements to directly storm Egypt.
In 1365, the Crusaders attacked Mamluk Egypt again, when the troops of King Peter I of Cyprus attacked, captured and sacked Alexandria, but Mamluk reinforcements from Cairo recaptured the port as they approached. After the fall of the Crusader kingdoms, the entire region came under Mamluk rule. After the signing of a peace treaty in 1323, the threat of the Mongol Ilkhan on the eastern borders of the Sultanate disappeared. Although there were some rebellions within the Mamluk Sultanate and tensions and disputes within the Cairo royal family, the borders of the Sultanate remained relatively peaceful and secure for the next 200 years. After the Crusaders were repulsed, many of the ** churches built by the Crusaders were converted into mosques.