(1) Regime change.
On the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria was a small geographical country that had long been under Soviet control. In 1954, Zhivkov became the first secretary of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, where he ruled for 35 years. However, his rigid leadership has put the country in trouble, and the people have widely complained about him.
After the rise of the wave of reform in the Soviet Union, Zhivkov failed to follow up in time, causing Gorbachev's dissatisfaction. In October 1989, the environmental conference became an opportunity to trigger political change. Political organizations emerged in Bulgaria one after another, and the situation gradually became turbulent.
After Zhivkov's resignation, Mladenov took over as first secretary and carried out a reshuffle of the leadership team. A political reckoning began, culminating in a campaign of denunciations against Zhivkov, which culminated in his expulsion from the party and confiscation of his property.
2) Move towards the first system.
In January 1990, a round table was held in Sofia, during which the opposition parties engaged in dialogue with the CPP. As a result, the Communist Party accepted almost all demands, the constitution deleted the clause on the party's leading position, and the state implemented a ** system.
After the national general elections, the Bulgarian Socialist Party won and Mladnov remained in office. However, the election results sparked the opposition** and the Socialist Party** fell into turmoil.
3) Political twists and turns.
In the face of the wave, Mladinov resigned in July 1990 and the post was given to opposition leader Zhelev. But the constitution stipulates that **power is limited, and the real power is in the hands of **prime minister, triggering continuity**.
On August 26, 1990, the Bulgarian Socialist Party headquarters was burned down by demonstrators. The opposition suffered setbacks, but was not discouraged and continued to organize demonstrations.
On November 9, the Union of Democratic Forces organized 100,000 *** to occupy the "Eagle Bridge" at the eastern end of the capital, triggering a nationwide general strike. After the incident, Lukanov resigned, a coalition of transitional parties was formed, and Bulgaria completed its political transformation.
iv) the transformation of Albania and Yugoslavia.
Albania was closed and impoverished during the Hoxha period, and after Hoxha's death, Albania gradually opened up. In 1990, student rallies erupted to demand reform. The Workers' Party announced the ** system, changed its name to the Socialist Party, and handed over power to the opposition party.
Yugoslavia was due to Tito's death, and the main contradiction evolved into the late 1980s, when Milosevic rose to victory in Serbia using nationalism, and Yugoslavia gradually spiraled out of control. In 1992, the Republic of Yugoslavia fell apart and Serbia became an independent state.
Summary. During this period, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula experienced a process from the collapse of communism to the first system. Political upheaval, demonstrations**, and leadership changes were all characteristic of this period. Bulgaria and Albania completed the political transformation through dialogue and **, while Yugoslavia led the country ** due to internal contradictions. This period laid the foundation for a new era for the Balkan countries.
This article provides a detailed account of the political changes in Bulgaria, Albania and Yugoslavia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. During this period, these Balkan countries went through a complex process from the fall of communism to the regime, in which political turmoil, social and leadership changes became the main features.
First of all, the situation in Bulgaria reflects the political landscape that has long been under the influence of the USSR. Zhivkov's long reign led to the state being troubled on several levels, and popular dissatisfaction with him and the desire for change eventually led to a wave of political change. The emergence of environmental conferences and "ecological openness" organizations mentioned in the article became the triggers for the rise of democratic forces. Antipathy to political corruption and rigidity, as well as a desire for more enlightened leadership, have driven Bulgaria's political transformation.
Albania's seclusion during the Hoxha period and its process of transformation after Tito's death are also remarkable. The overthrow of the bronze statue of Hoxha is undoubtedly a symbol of a political storm, marking Albania's move towards a system and opening up. The outbreak of student rallies, the revision of the constitution, and the change of the name of the Socialist Party were all concrete manifestations of this political metamorphosis in the country. The actions of the Socialist Party in the face of the Socialist Party and the persistence of the opposition in pushing for political change show the complexity and pluralism of Albanian society.
Yugoslavia, on the other hand, faced even greater challenges because of its complexity. Tito's practice of maintaining the state with an iron fist during his time to his death highlights the contradictions between different peoples within Yugoslavia. This contradiction was exacerbated by the rise of Milosevic and the ** of the Yugoslav Communist Union, which eventually led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. In this process, nationalist sentiment and the power struggle of the leadership became the driving force.
Overall, the article provides readers with a better understanding of the turmoil and evolution of the Balkan countries at the political level through an in-depth and detailed narrative. The dramatic changes in the political systems and social structures of these countries have laid the foundation for their transition to pluralism and openness. At the same time, the article also presents the social chaos brought about by political change and the struggle between the opposition and those in power, providing readers with a panoramic perspective.
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