1860 was the tenth year of Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty, and two major historical events occurred in China - these two major events, like two heavy hooks, hit the rotten Qing **!
These two major events, one of which broke out in the north, was the incident of the burning of the Old Summer Palace by the Anglo-French forces that shocked China and the rest of the world, and accelerated the pace of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal societyThe other broke out in the south, when the Taiping army general Li Xiucheng broke the Jiangnan camp besieged by the Qing army in Tianjing, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in full swing entered the later stage of the small climax.
Anglo-French forcesFireOld Summer Palace
In February 1860, Britain and France** appointed Elgin and Gro as plenipotentiaries (military commanders) respectively, leading more than 15,000 LinkedIn troops and about 7,000 French troops to expand the war of aggression against China.
In April, Anglo-French forces occupied Zhoushan. In May and June, the British army occupied Dalian Bay, and the French army occupied Yantai, blockaded Bohai Bay, and used it as an advance base for attacking Dagukou.
In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, after the victory against the British and French forces in the Battle of Dagu, he fantasized about making peace with Britain and France.
The commander of the Qing army, Seng Gelinqin, naively thought that the enemy army was not good at land warfare, so he focused on Dagu, abandoned the defense of Beitang, and prepared to let the British and French troops come in and wait for his Mongolian iron cavalry to harvest. As a result, the British and French forces landed at Beitang on August 1 without encountering any resistance.
After the British and French forces captured Tanggu on August 14, they coordinated their attack on the fort on the north bank of Dagu by land and water, but were bravely resisted by the Qing troops defending Taiwan. Emperor Xianfeng, however, ordered Seng Lingqin to lead the Qing army to evacuate Dagu and retreat to Tongzhou (present-day Tongxian County, Beijing) via Tianjin—almost a perfect plan to lure the enemy deep into reuniting and annihilating him.
On August 21, Dagu fell. The invading army marched straight in, occupying Tianjin on the 24th—it seems that the Qing army was still vulnerable to foreign warfare on land—something that Emperor Xianfeng and Seng Lingqin did not expect.
Since he couldn't beat others, Qing ** hurriedly sent Gui Liang to Tianjin to negotiate peace. Of course, the victorious foreigners were unforgiving, and proposed that in addition to the Qing Dynasty, they must accept the "Treaty of Tianjin" in full, and also add Tianjin as a treaty port, increase indemnity, and bring thousands of troops into Beijing to exchange contracts. Qing ** was difficult to accept, and the negotiations broke down.
The Anglo-French forces were not polite, and attacked Beijing from Tianjin, capturing Tongzhou on September 18.
On September 21, the Qing army, which was forced into a corner, engaged in a fierce battle with the British and French forces at the Bali Bridge. The Anglo-French troops marched directly to the city of Beijing. The next day, the panicked Emperor Xianfeng led the concubine and the prince and a group of **, and fled to Rehe (now Chengde, Hebei) in a hurry, leaving his younger brother Prince Gong Yixin in Beijing to take charge of the peace talks.
However, when the British minister Pasha Li and Lodge, the private secretary of Ergin, went to Tongxian to negotiate with the Qing under the white flag of the armistice, they were savagely arrested by Zaiyuan and Seng Lingqin, in a vain attempt to force them to order the coalition forces to retreat.
The still arrogant monk Grinqin forced the negotiator Pasha Li to kneel, and brutally pressed his head and slammed it to the ground again and again, trying to force him to submit - you think Pasha Li is just a negotiator, ** did the master.
The angry monks detained all 39 delegates who participated in the negotiations. Pashali and Lodge, the secretary of the British commander, were imprisoned in the prison of the Criminal Department, and the rest of them were held in the Old Summer Palace.
These detained Westerners** have endured the merciless torture of the Qing Dynasty's imprisonment and torture - people basically can't stand it!
Later, at the strong request of Britain and France, the Qing ** released the imprisoned survivors - only 19 of the 39 people came back alive, and they were all tortured to the point of being inhumane!
So, the retaliation of the Anglo-French forces followed!After consulting the British Prime Minister, the British commander Ergin ordered that the invasion of Beijing would not kill people or disturb the people, but the Old Summer Palace must be burned - because his envoys were imprisoned there and ravaged!
It is said that the public law of all nations at that time stipulated that if an envoy was killed, he would break the city one day, and no chickens and dogs would be left. Erjin didn't do this, but just burned down the Old Summer Palace, and his subordinates showed a lot of mercy.
Next, it was the retaliatory performance of the British and French forces
On October 6, the British and French troops broke into the Old Summer Palace, the garden of the Qing Emperor's house, and carried out frenzied looting.
From October 7 to 9, Britain and France set fire to the Old Summer Palace, and the fire lasted for three days and three nights.
On October 13, the British and French forces entered Andingmen and took control of the city of Beijing. The vicious monk Grinqin and others, who could no longer be fierce in the face of the guns of the British and French forces, did not know how to flee to ** for a long time.
On October 24th and 25th, the Qing Dynasty, which had been completely defeated, and still had the capital to negotiate, had to obey Pai Yixin, and signed the "Treaty of Tianjin" and the "Treaty of Beijing" with the British and French commanders Ergin and Gro, which were humiliating and humiliating, and accelerated the pace of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Lee so-sungBreak the Qing armyJiangnan Daying
In February 1860, Li Xiucheng led 7,000 troops from Nanling to Hangzhou via Xuancheng, connecting Guangde in Anhui, Anji and Changxing in Zhejiang. Li Shixian, who entered Zhejiang from southern Anhui, attacked Huzhou and diverted the attention of the Qing army. At that time, Li Xiucheng led 6,000 elite soldiers, disguised as Qing soldiers, day and night, and suddenly the troops came to the city of Hangzhou, the defenders of Hangzhou panicked, and the city soon fell. When the commander of the Jiangnan battalion heard the news, he immediately ordered the commander-in-chief Zhang Yuliang and the governor of Zhejiang, Zheng Kuishi, to lead more than 13,000 elite soldiers from Jinling and Yixing to aid Zhejiang, which greatly weakened the strength of the Jiangnan battalion.
Li Xiucheng saw that the Qing army was scheming, so he planted flags all over the city, and deceived Zhang Yuliang and others to rescue Hangzhou with suspicious tactics. Li Xiucheng led the main force to quietly withdraw from Hangzhou, pass through Yuhang and Lin'an, and capture Jianping at the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui. On the day of the capture of Jianping, Li Xiucheng summoned Li Shixian, Yang Fuqing, Chen Kunshu, Huang Wenjin and other generals to arrange a plan for rescuing Tianjing.
In April, the Taiping army attacked the Jiangnan camp of the Qing army from different directions, and the Taiping army in Tianjing City also attacked separately, attacking inside and outside, breaking through more than 50 Qing camps, sweeping away the Jiangnan camp, and tens of thousands of Qing troops were all scattered.
After breaking through the camp in Jiangnan for the second time, Li Xiucheng continued to lead his troops to the east in May of that year, attacking Danyang, occupying Changzhou, entering Wuxi, and Kesu, and establishing Sufu Province in southern Jiangsu, opening up a new important base for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The Taiping army conquered the recovery of the state, and Li Xiucheng decided to march into Shanghai. Wu Xu of the Qing Su Province and the director of the Siming Gongshu Office candidate Dao Yangfang, hired the American Wall to recruit foreign **, organized a foreign gun team in Shanghai, and tried to defend Shanghai and recapture the nearby cities.
In July, the foreign gun team and the Qing army invaded Qingpu, Li Xiucheng led the army to rescue Qingpu from Suzhou, defeated the foreign gun team, "killed six or seven hundred ghost soldiers", Wall was shot five times, and fled back to Shanghai in embarrassment. The Taiping army took advantage of the victory to recover Songjiang and advanced to Shanghai.
These two major events that occurred in 1860 were like two heavy hooks, one south and one north firmly hit the rotten Qing **, and since then the Qing Empire has slipped into the abyss of storms - 50 years later, the last emperor Pu Yi abdicated the edict, and the Qing Empire completely collapsed and disappeared!
textThe mighty wind swept through time and space
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The burning of the Old Summer Palace