I. Definitions and Description
Definitions and descriptions are the most basic ways to introduce things. By giving a clear definition of something, the reader can have a clear understanding of the thing. When descripting, you can use figurative language and specific details to depict the characteristics and characteristics of things.
In Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is portrayed as an ugly-looking and physically handicapped figure. Despite his frightening appearance, he is full of kindness and bravery on the inside. He was a bell-ringer known as the "Bell Tower Eccentric" because his job was to be responsible for ringing the bells of Notre-Dame Cathedral. Although his life was full of hardships, he never gave up his love for life and care for people.
2. Give examples
Exemplification is the way to further explain and illustrate the thing by giving specific examples. These examples can be relevant historical events, personal experiences, or real-life situations in order to give the reader a better understanding of the matter.
Application example: In Mo Yan's "Red Sorghum Family", the author shows the characteristics of the local winemaking culture by depicting the scene of winemaking. He described in detail the process of winemaking, from ingredient selection, fermentation, distillation to the final brewing of the wine. At the same time, he also depicts the attitudes and behaviors of different characters towards winemaking, showing the lifestyle and cultural traditions of rural northern China.
3. Analogy and contrast
Analogy and contrast are the characteristics of something that are more clearly shown by comparing it with something similar. At the same time, analogies can also be used to relate the thing to other things in order to better understand its essential characteristics.
In George Orwell's 1984, the author proposes the concept of "doublethought". This type of thinking refers to holding two contradictory thoughts at the same time and still being able to act and think normally. The author further explains the connotation and characteristics of this idea by comparing it with the "counterpoint" in **.
4. Classification and induction
Classification and induction is the classification and induction of the thing according to different characteristics and attributes, which can help readers better understand its overall structure and composition.
Application Sample: In Walden, Thoreau divides the lake into different types and characteristics by observing and studying the lake's water. He classified the lake water according to factors such as water depth, water temperature, and water color, and summarized their commonalities and differences. These classifications and generalizations not only enable the reader to better understand the diversity and complexity of the lake, but also demonstrate the author's keen observation and scientific spirit of the natural world.
5. Causal analysis
Causal analysis is the analysis of the connection and influence mechanism between that thing and other things to explain its role and effect.
Application example: In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the author reveals the influence and role of the social environment on the formation of Tom Sawyer's character through the analysis of the social background of the time. Tom Sawyer lives in an environment that lacks love and support, which leads him to develop a mischievous personality. However, this personality also allows him to bravely face life's challenges and adventures.
6. Emotional expression
Emotional expression is to express one's own emotions and feelings when describing the thing, so that the reader can better feel the charm and value of the thing.
Application Fan Wen: In Lu Xun's "Blessing", the author expresses his sympathy and pity for Xianglin's sister-in-law through her description. Xianglin's sister-in-law is a hardworking and kind woman, but her fate is tragic. She lost her son and husband and was ostracized and forgotten by society. By describing Xianglin's appearance, words and deeds, and inner world, the author makes readers better feel her tragic fate and the indifference of society.