[**Puyang Municipal Health Commission Disease Prevention].
Introduction: Since the discovery of human blood type, the battle of blood types has been going on, everyone hopes that their blood type can be superior to others, but since their birth, blood type has been predestined, no one can choose their blood type, just like they can't choose their own gender.
The 4 most common blood types in our daily lives are blood type A, blood type B, blood type O, blood type AB, and a blood type called panda blood. Panda blood is very precious in daily life, so it is called panda blood.
Do you really know blood type?What is blood type?
Blood type refers to the type of blood components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet surface antigens, the so-called blood group usually refers to the specific type of antigen on the red blood cell membrane, the ABO blood group system and the RH blood group system in clinical practice.
1.ABO Blood Group System:
ABO blood group is divided into 4 blood groups according to whether there is a antigen and B antigen on the red blood cell membrane, only A antigen is blood type A on red blood cells, and only B antigen is blood type B, if both A antigen and B antigen are present, in principle, it should be AB blood, and those without these two antigens are O blood.
2.Rh blood group system:
The 2H blood group system is the most complex system of red blood cell blood groups, and more than 40 X antigens have been discovered, among which D antibody is the most antigenic against D antigen, so red blood cells containing D antigen are usually called Rh-positive, while blood cells lacking D antigen are called Rh-negative blood.
In clinical practice, it should be noted that when blood transfusion is required, it is recommended to improve the blood group test according to the doctor's advice to avoid adverse consequences caused by blind bleeding.
How do I check my blood type?
Usually, when blood type is checked, peripheral blood is taken and placed on two slides, and then instilled with anti-A serum and anti-B serum, respectively.
If a person's blood reacts with antiserum, it is blood type A, which means that there will be a antigen in the body.
If the blood reacts with anti-B serum, blood type B indicates the presence of B antigen in the body.
If the blood reacts with both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, it is AB blood type.
If the blood does not respond to either anti-A serum or anti-B serum, it is blood type O.
Genetic law of blood group.
Human blood types are usually divided into four types: A, B, O, and AB. Blood group inheritance is done with the help of chromosomes in cells. There are a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells, and each pair of chromosomes is made up of two single chromosomes, one from the father and the other from the mother. The main component of chromosomes is deoxyribonucleic acid, which is commonly referred to as DNA, which determines inherited traits and function. DNA can be divided into many segments, each of which has specific inherited traits and functions, and these segments are called genes. A small fragment of DNA in the same position on two single chromosomes in a pair of chromosomes is called an allele.
The locus of the ABO blood group system is on chromosome 9. Human ABO blood group is controlled by three genes: A, B, and O, but there are only two ABO system genes on the 9th pair of chromosomes in each human cell, namely a pair of alleles in AO, AA, BO, BB, AB, and OO, in which A and B genes are dominant genes and O genes are recessive genes.
Mechanism of action of genes.
Red blood cell blood group antigens are a class of glycoproteins;Antigen specificity is determined by the glycan structure of the glycoprotein. Blood group gene products are specific glycosyltransferases that catalyze the glycosylation reaction at specific sites of blood group antigen precursors, respectively, to form corresponding specific antigens. The precursor of the A antigen and B antigen in ABO blood group is substance H, and the formation of substance H is controlled by the gene H. Individuals with the genotype HH and HH have the H gene product L-fucosyltransferase-1. This enzyme catalyzes the attaching of an L-fucose to galactose at the end of the glycoprotein precursor substance, transforming it into an H substance. The product of the IA gene at the ABO locus is N-acetyl-D-galactosaminotransferase, and the product of the IB gene is D-galactosyltransferase, the former catalyzes the addition of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to substance H to make it a A antigen, and the latter catalyzes the addition of D-galactose to substance H to make it a B antigen. People with type O do not have the IA and IB genes, so their red blood cells have only substance H, which cannot be agglutinated by anti-A and anti-B serum, but can be agglutinated by phytohemagglutinin, so ABO blood group is sometimes called ABH blood group. Individuals belonging to recessive homozygous HH do not have L-fucosyltransferase-1 in them, cannot produce substance H, and red blood cells cannot be agglutinated by plant hemagglutinin, which is a special type O called the Bombay type. Bombay type people who have the IA gene or IB gene may have the IA gene and/or the corresponding glycosyltransferase encoded by the IB gene, but do not have the A and B antigens.
Lewis antigen is closely related to A antigen and B antigen. The product of the LE gene at the Lewis locus is L-fucosyltransferase-2, which catalyzes the addition of a fucose to the glycoprotein precursor material, making it a LE2 antigen;Or catalyze the addition of a fucose to the H substance to make it a Le2 antigen.
ABO blood types are divided into secretory and non-secretory types. Substances such as A, B, and H can be detected in the saliva and other secretions of people with secretory types. They are not detectable in nonsecretory patients. This trait is controlled by the SE gene, SE SE and SE SE are secretory, and SE SE is non-secretory.
Expansion: Does blood type change?
A person's blood type is determined from the moment the fertilized egg is combined, from birth to the end of life, usually the blood type does not change, however, in some special cases, the blood type of humans may also change, for example, if bone marrow stem cells need to be transplanted, the blood type will change in a short period of time in a cancer patient who receives radiation**, and may also change the blood type, but will return to the original blood type after the disease is controlled.
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