The General Administration of Customs issued Announcement No. 44 of 2023 in early May: agreeing to add Vladivostok (known as "Vladivostok" in China) as a transit port for cross-border transportation of domestic trade goods in Heilongjiang and Jilin. Starting in June 2023, Heilongjiang and Jilin in the northeast can go to sea from Vladivostok. And the Russian Sputnik news agency also announced earlier that Artyom, Primorsky Krai, will be planned as an important logistics hub in the Far East. China's borrowing of the port from Vladivostok to the sea is of great significance to the economic revitalization of Northeast China.
Vladivostok is located just 180 kilometers from Hunchun City in Jilin Province. The nearest Fangchuan is only 15 kilometers away from the Sea of Japan, and standing on the watchtower of our army in the Golden Triangle of Fangchuan at the junction of China, North Korea and Russia, you can see the Sea of Japan with vast smoke and waves, and flocks of seagulls soaring freely on the sea surface. Vladivostok is an excellent natural harbor on three sides of the sea and has always been the territory of China. Up to now, the cargo throughput of Vladivostok Port still ranks first in Russia, which is of great significance to the economy of Northeast China. However, due to the Russian territory, China has not been able to use this port to serve China for many years.
So, how did China's good port Vladivostok become a big port of Russia step by step?
During the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, the "Treaty of Nebuchu" signed between the Qing ** and Tsarist Russia clearly stipulated that the area where Vladivostok was located belonged to the Qing Dynasty.
In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the state declined, and in the Second Opium War, in 1858, the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia signed the unequal "Aihun Treaty", which stipulated that the area east of the Ussuri River, including Vladivostok, was jointly administered by China and Russia.
In 1860, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the unequal Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, in which the Qing ceded about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island, including Vladivostok.
In 1840, the population of the Qing Dynasty had reached 400 million, but at this time the average number of people per square kilometer in Northeast China was less than 2. In 1869, the official tsarist count of 1,797 Chinese men and 210 Chinese women east of the Ussuri River was the result of the Qing court in 1860 at the suggestion of the Heilongjiang general Tepuqin to formally land the land, otherwise the number might have been in the double digits.
The Qing Dynasty's policy of banning the Northeast in order to keep the land of Longxing created the reality that it was unable to protect the Northeast Frontier. From 1849 to 1853, ** naval officer Nevelskoy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and establish a base of aggression. Subsequently, under the command of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia, Muravyov, a large number of ** invading troops broke into the Heilongjiang River and carried out military occupation of the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches. The Treaty of Aihui was the result of this fact of occupation.
In October 1860, the British and French forces captured Beijing, and nothing happened. **However, in the capacity of a mediator, he demanded the signing of the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty", in which Russia forcibly occupied more than 400,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River, which was stipulated in the "Aihun Treaty" as "jointly managed" by China and Russia, so that China completely lost the northeast region's access to the Sea of Japan. At the same time, the signing of the "Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing" created a "treaty basis" for Russia to further occupy China's western territories. In the second half of the 19th century, Russia signed a number of border treaties with China, all of which were unequal treaties, ceding more than 1.4 million square kilometers of China's territory, equivalent to the area of today's two France and one Poland combined.
On November 24, 1919, Beiyang** issued a declaration on sending troops to Siberia on the 24th. By 26 October, six groups of more than 2,000 officers and men had taken a train to Vladivostok via Harbin to take part in the intervention against Soviet Russia.
On July 25, 1919, Soviet Russia made its first statement against ChinaDeclaration: Abolish all secret treaties signed by Imperial Russia with China, Japan, and the Entente, give up all the land acquired by aggression in Northeast China and elsewhere, abolish the consular jurisdiction and concessions of Imperial Russia in China and Afghanistan, renounce the first part of the Gengzi indemnity, and renounce all the privileges of Imperial Russia in the Eastern Railway.
On September 27, 1920, Soviet Russia issued a statement against ChinaSecond Declaration, which reads as follows:The Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was proclaimed. All the treaties concluded with China in the past are null and void, all the territories previously seized in China and all the concessions in China are renounced, and everything that the Tsarist Russia and the capitalist class have seized from China will be returned to China permanently and without compensation.
This was supposed to be a good opportunity to regain territory, but since Japan also sent troops at the same time, it was the Japanese who eventually occupied the area. After the Japanese retreat from Vladivostok on November 5, 1922, the area was regained under the control of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic. At that time, China was in a period of warlord warfare, and neither Beijing nor Zhang Zuolin in the northeast allowed Soviet Russia to fulfill these two declarations on China. Soviet Russia was also silent about this.
In 1924, Soviet Russia took the initiative to negotiate with Beijing and Guangzhou. Beijing** demanded that the Russian side abolish the old treaty, but it was refused, and finally signed the "Sino-Soviet Agreement on the Outline of the Settlement of Outstanding Cases". The solution to the territorial problem is that the two countries will redraw each other's borders and maintain the existing boundaries until the boundaries are demarcated. The two countries agreed to stipulate the issue of navigation in the rivers and lakes on the border between the two countries and in other river basins in accordance with the principle of equality and reciprocity. Guangzhou** strongly opposes this "agreement" because it is not the content of the agreement, but because the agreement recognizes Beijing ** as ***
However, at that time, the main ethnic group of the residents was Chinese, and the second largest ethnic group was the Koreans. In 1937, the Soviet Union began a purge campaign, and the Chinese were also affected. The local authorities in Vladivostok carried out a mass expulsion of Chinese and North Koreans in Vladivostok on the grounds that the Chinese were spies for the Japanese and had been lurking. By the end of 1938, about 100,000 Chinese had migrated from Vladivostok, while more than 300,000 Chinese had disappeared throughout the Far East, either driven out or **.
In October of that year, workers who built a federal road in Vladivostok to prepare for the 2012 APEC summit in Russia discovered a large number of burials of the victims of the political purge. In three operations on the night of December 29, 1937, February 22, and March 29, 1938, 853, 2,005, and 3,082 Chinese were arrested, for a total of 5,940. All of them were shot on charges of being Japanese spies. The rest of the Chinese had to flee the area. Since then, there have been no more Chinese in Vladivostok.
At the railway station in Vladivostok there is a stone monument with carvings on it"1860"Four words. This means that Russia occupied Vladivostok in 1860. Russia changed its name to Vladivostok, which it has in Russian"Conquest of the East"meaning.
In 1945, when the National Revolution signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" with the Soviet Union, Vladivostok was not mentioned, which was tantamount to acquiescing that the sovereignty of Vladivostok belonged to the Soviet Union. On February 14, 1950, after the conclusion of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the treaty to be invalid. On February 25, 1953, China announced the formal abrogation of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and denied the independence of Outer Mongolia, and the ownership of Vladivostok once again became an unsolved case.
In 1950, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance signed between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union also maintained the status quo for Vladivostok to the Soviet Union, but since the 60s, relations between China and the Soviet Union have deteriorated, and the treaty has existed in name only. On April 3, 1979, China** issued a statement that the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty signed in 1950 would expire one year later, and that China would not continue to extend the term of this treaty with the Soviet Union. The treaty was abrogated a year later. The ownership of Vladivostok has not been determined.
AI assistant creation season