Winter Farming Meeting
1 Preparation before broadcasting
1.1 Plot selection
In order to maximize the mechanization of peanut production, the land with drip irrigation facilities should be selected for easy drainage and irrigation, the terrain is generally relatively flat, concentrated and continuous planting, which is convenient for management and mechanical harvesting, and the soil layer is deep, the soil is loose, the fertility is medium or above the sandy soil, sandy loam soil is planted, and the heavy clay soil is not suitable for planting.
1.2 Soil preparation and deep fertilization
After the harvest of the previous crops, the deep ploughing depth is generally required to be 25-30 cm, combined with the deep ploughing application of high-quality organic fertilizer 30000-45000 kg hm2, heavy superphosphate 450 kg hm2 as base fertilizer, after ploughing, the land is leveled in time, and the furrow is smoothed with a soil leveler frame or grader, and the soil is broken to prevent the volatile loss of fertilizer nutrients, and the role of leveling is played within a certain range, laying a good foundation for land preparation before sowing.
2 Variety selection and seed treatment
2.1 Variety selection
Cultivating excellent peanut varieties is the key to adapt to mechanized harvesting, and machine-harvested peanut puts forward specific requirements for the characteristics of varieties, and the more important characteristics should include the growth period, plant height, plant type, density tolerance, flowering and fruiting concentration, strong tensile strength of fruit stalk (no fruit drop), moderate pod hardness and cavity, uniform seed size, etc. Xinjiang should choose upright or semi-creeping plant varieties with medium and early maturity (growth period within 130 days), plant height less than 45 cm, concentrated flowering and fruiting, and strong tensile resistance of fruit stalks, and mainly choose suitable varieties such as Huayu 25, Huayu 33, Huayu 57, Shanhua 17, Yuhua 15, Puhua 28, Puhua 0409, Jihua 4, Jihua 5, machine harvest peanut 2, machine harvest peanut 8 and other suitable machine harvest varieties.
2.2 Seed treatment
Drying seeds in the shell for 2-3 days before shelling can promote post-ripening, break dormancy, and increase germination rate by 10-15%. At the same time, the fruit is selected before the shelling, the grain is selected after the shelling, the large grains and full grains are selected for seeding, and the best artificial grain selection is done to pick out the broken grains, mildew grains and immature grains, etc., and then the seeds are divided into two large and small grades, and the seeds are mixed with pesticides, and the amount of seeds is generally 05% of 50% carbendazim wettable powder + appropriate amount of water + appropriate amount of insecticide, or the amount of seeds used is 02% of 60% Baitai can be sown by mixing well, and must be used with mixing, and the mixed seeds should be avoided from the sun to prevent reducing the efficacy and falling off the skin.
3 Sowing
3.1 Seeding time
According to the climate of the year, it is necessary to sow late at the appropriate time, and under normal circumstances, the ground temperature of 5 cm is stable through more than 15 on average within 5 days, and the sowing can be done. In Xinjiang, generally between April 15 and May 5, a large area can be sown (dry sowing and wet sowing can be appropriately sown 2-3 days in advance), improve the sowing quality, control the sowing depth (about 2-3 cm), drip the seedling water in time, and strive to sow all seedlings at one time.
3.2. Sowing density and seed dosage
Generally, the hole spacing is controlled at 15-16 cm, the number of holes is 9000-10000 acres, each hole is under 2 seeds, the general large-grain peanut varieties are 17-19 kg mu, and the small-grain peanut varieties are 14-16 kg mu. The number of seedling plants is 14 -1.60,000 acres, the number of harvested plants is 12-1.40,000 acres.
3.3 Planting patterns
Using drip irrigation cultivation method under film, Xinjiang peanut planting due to large land area, regular farmland, complete drip irrigation facilities, should be selected with the machine harvest mode supporting the three-film twelve-row seeder, the seeder can complete the drip irrigation belt laying, mulching, punching, seeding, soil covering, suppression and other work, every 5-10 m to play a small stem, to prevent the plastic film from being blown up by the wind. That is, the mode of "one membrane with four rows, one tube with two rows" was adopted, with a groove center spacing of 185 cm, an intermembranous row spacing of 70 cm, and a membrane upper row spacing of 35+45+35 cm.
4 Field management
4.1. Check the seedlings and replant
When peanuts emerge from the top soil, if the rain and other weather causes soil compaction, so that the seedlings form a soil umbrella, should be used in time to break the shell machinery to break the compaction, and then check line by line, if there is a lack of seedlings and broken ridges, you can transplant the seedlings cultivated in advance, you can also use warm water to destroy the buds and replant, should be checked in time, timely replenishment of seedlings, 3-5 days after the emergence of seedlings must be completed, in case of large and small seedlings.
4.2 drops of water
Timely drip fertilization, dripping water at the end of May to early June, head water can bring urea 2-3kg mu, fertilization with water, water stop in mid-September, each drip of about 18-25 square mu, dripping 8-10 times. According to the seedling situation, grasp the drip time and the amount of dripping water, and the peanut needs to be dripped for 2-3 hours before digging, which is conducive to digging and reducing fruit loss.
4.3 Fertilization
Using soil testing formula, full-layer fertilization, appropriate ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, generally apply standard fertilizer 150-170 kg mu, n:p:k=1:02：0.6。Drip irrigation peanut field organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer deep application, peanut drip irrigation special fertilizer or a single water-soluble fertilizer in the peanut growth process with water drop, the flowering needle stage should increase the amount of fertilizer input, but also pay special attention to the calcium fertilizer supplement 225-300 kg hm2, enhance the resistance of the pod to the peanut Aspergillus flavus, and can also effectively reduce the occurrence of empty pods. Fields with high fertilizer and water conditions or when there is a lot of rain in the later stage, fertilizer and water should be controlled** to prevent overgrowth. Drought stress should be avoided one month before peanut harvest.
4.4 Modulation
Adopt the whole process of chemical control, and master the principle of one water, one fertilizer and one chemical adjustment. In the middle and late stages of peanut growth (mid to late July), if the growth is too vigorous, plant growth regulators such as Zhuangfeng'an and paclobutrazol should be used to carry out chemical regulation in time to coordinate the relationship between the growth of the aboveground and the underground, prevent the growth or lodging of the aboveground, and promote the development of pods. Under normal circumstances, the usual amount of Zhuang Satie is 20g mu, if the amount can be increased by no more than 30g mu, if the amount is reduced to 10-15g mu in dry or thin land, it can be fertilized with drip water after 3 days of chemical control.
4.5. Control of diseases, insects and weeds
Attention should be paid to preventing the occurrence of peanut stem rot, root rot, leaf spot and bacterial wilt, and crop rotation between non-leguminous crops can be adopted. In recent years, the first three diseases have occurred to varying degrees in Xinjiang, and the field plant protection work should be done in a timely manner, and antibacterial agents such as silazole, carbendazim or Baitai should be sprayed in the early stage of peanut leaf diseases, and sprayed once every 7-10 days, and sprayed 3 times in a row. Control underground pests at the seedling stage to ensure full seedlings. Attention should be paid to the prevention and control of underground pests such as "needleworm and grub" during the pod stage, so as not to cause insect injuries and increase the infection of Aspergillus flavus, and the prevention and control of cotton bollworm should also be emphasized. Weeding should be done in time throughout the growth period, and rodent prevention work should be done in the later stage of poding.
5 Mechanized harvesting
The harvest period of peanuts should be determined according to the fertility of peanut varieties and climatic conditions. Signs of peanut maturity: when the plant is senescent, the aboveground part stops growing, the lower leaves fall off, the top leaves turn yellow, the leaf sleep movement disappears, most of the underground pods have clear reticulation, full and full, the shell is hard and thick, the seed coat is intrinsic color, and brown patches appear on the inner wall of the shell. When the full fruit rate reaches about 80%, the harvest will be started to prevent mold rot germination and deteriorationFrom the point of view of temperature, the pod will stop growing when the temperature is below 12, and it should be harvested in time. However, the climatic conditions are quite different, the soil quality is more complex, and the maturity period is also inconsistent, so the harvest period must be determined according to local conditions, and the shedding and damage of peanut fruits should be minimized during harvesting.
The peanut harvest time in Xinjiang is generally started in mid-September and finished in early to mid-October. The harvesting machinery mainly adopts the American KMC peanut combine harvester (two-stage harvesting method) introduced by Xinjiang Tianying Biotechnology, namely: (1) mechanized excavation. Using the large three-membrane peanut excavator of the American KMC company, it has five functions: cutting, digging, shaking the soil, flipping and closing the row, with high work efficiency and 2 digging per hour3-2.7 hectares, digging *** shake the soil clean, put together into a line, so that the peanut roots and fruits are facing upwards to the sun, the plant body is empty, and the field is dried and dehydrated.
Generally, the moisture content of fresh pods is 45-55%, and the fruit can be picked when the moisture content of the stems drops to 15-16% and the moisture content of the pods drops to 18-20%. At this time, special attention should be paid to the fact that under normal conditions, the drying time in the field should not exceed 12 days, otherwise, the waste of fruit loss will be serious. (2) Mechanized fruit picking. It adopts a large 3-membrane 12-row peanut picking and fruit removal machine from KMC company in the United States, which has five functions: automatic picking, fruit removal, separation, box feeding and unloading. Productivity 2 per hour0-2.3hm2。After harvesting, if the water content of the pods is still high, it should continue to dry, and wait for the moisture to drop to 9-10%, and then it can be safely stored.
6 Seed storage
Peanut seeds are generally stored in the shell to ensure that the pods and seeds are fully dried, and the water content of the pods is less than 9% for safe storage, and at the same time pay attention to prevent the shell from being damaged during the transportation process, and the storage environment is kept dry, low-temperature, ventilated, clean and other conditions to prevent the seeds from becoming rancid and mildew.
Authors: Wang Liang, et al. (Crop Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences), Wang Qiaojiang, et al. (Xinjiang Tianying Biotechnology***Editor: Tianshan Plant Protection, **Please indicate the source.