Winter Farming Meeting
Peanut, also known as peanut, longevity fruit, etc., is the seed of the leguminous peanut, is a relatively common field cash crop. Peanuts have many uses, can be extracted from oil, can be processed into a variety of agricultural and sideline products, and are very rich in nutritional value. Peanuts contain a lot of protein and fat, especially the content of unsaturated fatty acids is very high, under the premise of controlling the total fat intake, increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids can reduce the cholesterol content in the blood, and has certain significance for the prevention of arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
Anhui Province is a large agricultural province, and there are many cash crops, among which the peanut planting area is large. Dingyuan County is located in the central part of Jianghuai and the eastern part of Anhui Province, and is known as a large agricultural county. The total oilseed output of the county ranks among the top in the country, and peanuts are an important cash crop variety in the county. In the process of peanut production, it is important to master good planting techniques in order to achieve both yield and quality. Combined with production practice, this paper summarizes the peanut planting technology, aiming to provide technical reference for the actual production of peanut.
1 Land preparation
1.1 Plot selection.
Choosing the right plot for production can effectively increase the yield and promote the quality improvement. Peanuts like well-drained, flat, loose, finely crushed, deep and fertile, solid soil, requiring the soil to be dry and not scattered, wet and not sticky, and the proportion of clay and sand particles is moderate. Peanuts are not tolerant to salinity, can not germinate when the pH is 8, when the acidity is too large, the effectiveness of calcium, phosphorus, molybdenum and other elements in the soil is poor, it is not easy to absorb and utilize, and the poisoning of iron and aluminum may also occur, so planting peanuts is the most suitable pH of 65~7.0 of neutral or slightly acidic soils.
1.2. Deep ploughing and land preparation.
Deep ploughing and land preparation is an important work that needs to be done before peanut planting. After deep ploughing, the soil is loose and breathable, the moisture is improved, the soil quality is improved, and the impact of heavy stubble on yield can be reduced. Deep tillage and land preparation can promote soil microbial activities, effectively increase the thickness of the active soil layer and the content of soil organic matter, which is very helpful for promoting the growth of peanut and improving drought tolerance.
1.3 Ridge formation.
After years of production practice, the effect of ridge planting on improving peanut yield has been verified. Ridge planting can first increase the light receiving surface, increase the soil temperature, thicken the active soil layer, ensure that the seedlings are full and strong, and secondly, it can prevent fertilizer damage. In addition, ridge formation can loosen the solid layer, which is conducive to the penetration of fruit needles into the soil and the development of pods. Moreover, the ridge makes the fruiting layer move up than the flat crop, which is convenient for harvesting. The fruit weight, kernel weight and rice yield of peanuts produced after ridge formation increased significantly, which greatly improved the peanut yield. Ridge forming is generally carried out half a month before local sowing, the ridge height is 8 15 cm, the ridge width can be determined according to the terrain and the number of planting rows, and the width of the ditch is 30 40 cm.
1.4 Apply plantar fertilizer.
The application of foot fertilizer is an important part of agricultural production, and the quality of base fertilizer directly affects whether the seedlings are strong or not, and it continues to affect the yield and quality. For ridge fertilization of peanuts, 80% fertilizer should be applied in winter or spring ploughing, and 20% fertilizer should be wrapped in the ridge during ridge formation. Peanut has a well-developed root system and rhizobia nitrogen fixation, but the demand for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is higher than that of other crops, so it is necessary to pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
2. Grading of sun-dried seeds.
Before sowing, the pods were fully exposed to the sun, and the physiological activity of peanut was improved after sunlight exposure. However, peanut kernels and seed coats are easy to become brittle and burst when directly dried, thus losing the function of protecting seeds, resulting in seeds rotting in water, so do not dry the kernels directly. It is advisable to choose a sunny day around 10:00 a.m., with a thickness of 7 cm, and determine the drying time according to the temperature and seed moisture content, and the fruit is usually dried for 2 3 days. Avoid drying the fruit on hot cement floors, asphalt roads or metal plates, because the high temperature is easy to burn the seeds, and the temperature is best in 20 30.
After the sun peeling, try to choose bright colors, large and neat, full grains, consistent size, no mechanical damage to the first and second large grains, eliminate the first small grains, do a sowing of the whole seedling, promote the emergence of neat seedlings, so as to avoid the symbiosis of large and small seedlings, large seedlings bullying small seedlings to cause yield reduction. The peeling time is as close as possible to the sowing time, and the experiment and practice have proved that the later the peeling, the stronger the seed vitality, the more neat and robust the seedlings are, and the suitable time for peeling the pod is about 10 days before sowing. Priority is given to manual shelling, and a special seed shelling machine can be used for a large amount of seeds, and an appropriate amount of warm water is added before peeling the shell that is too dry.
3. Sow seeds at the right time and plant them reasonably densely
3.1. Field trials.
According to the correct seed dressing method, a small part of the seeds should be properly mixed before planting in a large area, and the seeds should be tried in a small field or pot, so as to simulate the natural environment of the field as much as possible and check the emergence of seedlingsIf the temperature is too low, the ground temperature can be increased through heating measures such as mulching, and the emergence of seeds can be understood through a series of measures.
3.2 Planting density.
Set the appropriate planting density according to the fertility of the plot. Generally, large peanuts are about 120,000 holes hm2, and the density of small peanuts can be larger, about 150,000 holes hm2, and 2 seeds per hole can be used.
3.3. Sow seeds at the right time.
The sowing time should be suitable, too early or too late will affect the growth and yield of peanut plants. Spring peanuts should be sown early, but not too early, and pay attention to the temperature and rain conditions around 15 days to prevent spring cold and rotten seeds. It is better to sow early varieties with a ground temperature of 5 cm or more than 12 cm and medium and late maturing varieties with a ground temperature of 5 cm or more than 15. Wheat stubble summer peanut pay attention to straw crushing and land preparation and soil layer fine crushing, otherwise the seeds are easy to hang in the air and the seedlings are poor. The maximum water holding capacity of the soil is 60% and 70% is suitable for sowing, and the sowing depth is about 5 cm according to the soil quality and moisture.
3.4. Open the hole and release the seedlings.
When sowing the peanut top soil tympanic membrane after mulching, it is necessary to open the hole and put the seedlings according to the temperature rise at that time, and the hole diameter is 40~4.5 cm, pay attention to check the membrane of the first lateral branch.
4. Seedling management.
4.1 Moisture management.
Water management is particularly important at the seedling stage, which affects the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of seedlings in the later stage. Peanut seedling stage is moderately drought, which can promote the plant to be compact, robust, and densely branched, although the flowering may be a little later, but the flowers are more and more abundant, and the final yield is often obtainedIn the case of severe drought, it can be combined with small water (horse water), and small water sprinkler irrigation is appropriate.
4.2. Check the seedlings and replant.
When the seeds germinate, it is necessary to observe whether there is a lack of seedlings in time. If the seedlings are missing, germination and replanting should be carried out, which can be carried out 10 to 15 days after sowing. It can also be sown in the peanut sowing in addition, find the land to sow some spare seedlings, and transplant the seedlings with soil before the true leaves are unearthed, so as to better ensure that the field seedlings are complete. When transplanting, the action should be gentle and standardized, so as to prevent damage to the root system of the seedlings and affect the survival of the transplanted seedlings.
4.3 Soil.
Soil cultivation in production can effectively improve the fruiting rate of peanuts and increase the total yield, because the soil cultivation shortens the distance between the fruit needles and the ground, so that the fruit needles enter the soil early and bear effective results. Soil cultivation should be carried out after rain or on cloudy days, and the soil is soft and moist, which is conducive to the penetration of fruit needles into the soil. Soil cultivation is generally carried out 15 to 20 days after flowering before ridge sealing.
5 Key points of cultivation management in the middle and late stages.
5.1 Watering and fertilizing.
The flowering needle stage and pod-setting stage are the sensitive periods for peanut water needs, and insufficient water and fertilizer will affect the growth process of plants and the fullness of pods. If the soil moisture is insufficient during these two periods, the growth of the flower needles will be affected, and the pods will not be able to fill up, which will not only cause a significant reduction in yield, but also reduce the quality of peanuts. Therefore, field management during these two periods must pay attention to watering. Watering should be carried out in the morning or evening, try to avoid noon, the sun is strong at noon, the ground temperature is high, and watering at this time is easy to cause rotten needles, rotten fruits, etc.
On the 30th and 45th day after the first flowering, spray regulators such as chlormequat or paclobutrazol to prevent the plants from being sealed too early. Foliar fertilizer was sprayed from the late fruiting stage to enhance leaf viability and increase yield.
5.2. Moist drainage.
The water consumption is less in the full fruiting stage, and the water demand in this period is mainly to nourish the roots and leaves, and the plant growth rate is slow. If there is too much water at this stage, it will cause root rot, low fruit satiety rate, and even fruit rot. When there is too much rain and poor drainage during the full fruit period, it is necessary to carry out the work of removing stagnant water;However, if there is a drought, you should gently water the fruit in time.
6 Pest control.
6.1. Disease control at seedling stage.
The main diseases of peanut seedlings are root rot and stem base rot. Before sowing, 500 g of 99% chlormycofen powder can be mixed with about 10 kg of rotted organic fertilizer to kill soil pathogens. After peanut seedlings emerge, it is a high incidence period of root diseases such as root rot and stem base rot, and the pathogens in this period will affect the growth of peanut in the middle and late stages, and even lead to the death of some plants in the middle and late stages. For the heavy peanut area and the plots with serious root diseases in the past, spraying "Fengqia Root Protection" can promote seedlings and strengthen seedlings while preventing and controlling root diseases. Any one of the agents carbendazim, difenoconazole and oxachlorin can be used to control flower seedlings.
6.2. Post-seedling weeding and insect control.
At the peanut 2 4 pinnate compound leaf stage, Fuda combined herbicide can be sprayed to control grasses and broadleaf weeds according to the occurrence of weeds in the field. For areas with early damage such as aphids and red spiders, Fuda herbicides can be added at the same time as insect pest control to prevent and get twice the result with half the effort.
6.3. Disease prevention and control during the fruiting period.
Peanut pod-setting stage, peanut seedlings about 30 cm, the first batch of pods into the soil 1When 2 cm is coarse, spray "Fuda two mixed and three sprays", and keep the field soil moist before and after sprayingAt the same time, disease prevention can be controlled and vigorous, promote the transfer of nutrients to the roots, the fruit is large and full, improve the fruit rate, supplement nutrition, and prevent leaf spots. During the high incidence period of pests, you can add Fuda special insecticides to prevent them in advance.
6.4. Leaf preservation and anti-aging.
About 20 days before the peanut harvest, spray "Fuda two mixed and three sprays" to protect the stems and leaves, so that the peanut will not premature aging, and the live stalk will be harvested.
7 Harvesting and Storage.
7.1 Appropriate late harvest.
Appropriate late harvest can increase the weight of the pods and increase the yield of the plot. Plots that have not been prematurely aged can be appropriately harvested late in combination with the actual situation. It is suggested that the peanut should be harvested 3 5 days before the temperature drops to 5 days, and the peanut kernels should be separated from the peanut shells after 3 5 days of drying and dehydration, which can reduce the loss of peanut fruits from low temperature frost damage. Plants that are greedy for late maturation, premature decay and diseased plants should not be left behind.
7.2 Store safely.
The newly harvested peanut plants with pods were dried in the field for 2 3 days, and then the fruits were picked and spread out to dry. When the pod is brittle in the mouth, there is a sound of hand cranking, and the seed coat is easy to fall off when the hard shell is peeled off, it can be stored in storage.
7.3. Turn over the warehouse to dry.
Peanut seeds must be kept dry and ventilated during storage, and if it is found that the seeds absorb moisture in the air, the water content exceeds the safety limit or the temperature of the seed pile rises, and the warehouse should be turned over and dried in time.
Author: Zhang Zuoyue (Agricultural Technology Station, Nengren Township, Dingyuan County, Chuzhou City, Anhui Province), *Editor: Tianshan Plant Protection.