Winter Farming Meeting
Peanut is one of the main crops in Shandong Province, but peanut in the process of planting, it is very easy to be harmed by pests and diseases, seriously affects the growth of peanuts, and brings serious damage to the economic benefits of the majority of farmers, so in the process of planting peanuts, we should strengthen planting management, adopt high-yield cultivation technology, and strengthen pest control at the same time, so as to increase the yield of peanuts as much as possible and ensure the quality of peanuts.
1. Plot selection and arrangement.
Peanuts like well-drained sandy soil, not tolerant to salinity, it is best to choose the fertile land that has not been planted with peanuts for many years, to avoid crop rotation and heavy crops, can be rotated with sweet potatoes, corn and rice and other crops, can not be rotated with leguminous crops, can reduce the probability of peanut infection. The pH of the soil for growing peanuts is 7About 0 is appropriate, which is conducive to the development of peanut roots and can ensure the quality of peanuts. In the arid areas of the north, flat land preparation can be adopted, ridge land preparation can be carried out for plots with better irrigation conditions, and high ridges should be raised for low-lying plots, and the ridge height is 12 15cm. Combined with the application of basal fertilizer in land preparation, it can ensure that the peanut seedlings are strong and neat. Taking the plot with a yield of 400kg of peanuts per mu as an example, 2000kg of farm fertilizer, 50kg of superphosphate, 25kg of ammonium carbonate and 15kg of potassium fertilizer can be applied per mu, and ternary compound fertilizer can also be applied instead of chemical fertilizer, about 30kg per mu.
2. Seed treatment.
In order to ensure the quality and yield of peanuts, it is necessary to choose seeds with good quality and strong disease resistance. Before sowing, the shell should be dried for 1 2 days and then the shell should be peeled to remove the diseased, shriveled and defective kernels, which can improve the germination rate of seeds. When sowing, select seeds with full grains, no disease and no mildew, and dilute with 75% thiophanate-methyl and water in the ratio of 4 30 to evenly mix seeds, and sow seeds after drying, which can ensure that peanut seedlings emerge neatly and robustly, avoid dead seedlings and rotten trees, and improve the disease resistance of peanuts.
3. Sowing. The best time to sow peanuts is April and May every year, when the temperature gradually rises, above 10, and the light is sufficient, which is conducive to peanut germination. Summer-sown peanuts are generally about 10 days before and after wheat harvest, and if they are too early, they will form tall and weak seedlings, and they will be easy to hurt the seedlings after rolling too late. The amount of seeds per mu is 15 18 kg, and the sowing should not be too deep, and the depth of the hole is about 5cm. After the emergence of seedlings, it is necessary to go to the field in time to check the seedlings and replant them to prevent the lack of seedlings and broken ridges.
Fourth, water and fertilizer management.
a) Moisture management.
Peanuts are temperature-loving crops, and the requirements for water are relatively strict, so master the principle of not watering when you can water or not, and do a good job in water management. Seedlings generally do not need to be watered, and appropriate drought can promote root development and improve the ability of seedlings to resist drought and waterlogging. The flowering needle stage and pod-setting stage are very sensitive to water response, if the leaves wilt around noon, they should be watered in time to replenish water and alleviate drought. The fruit is full during the full fruit period, and if there is a drought, water should be replenished in time, and it is advisable to water lightly with small water. Watering should be before 10 00 in the morning or after 17 00 in the afternoon to avoid stiff and rotten fruits caused by hot and cold stimulation.
2) Fertilization management.
Peanuts like trace elements mainly potassium, phosphorus, calcium, molybdenum, boron, etc., farm fertilizer, compound fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, compound fertilizer is better, because peanut rhizobia can produce nitrogen by itself, so the application of nitrogen fertilizer should not be excessive, can be used as rake fertilizer, seed fertilizer or seedling top dressing, otherwise it will cause peanuts to grow. In order to improve the disease resistance and stress resistance of peanut, trace elements can be sprayed in the early stage of flowering.
5. Field management.
In the process of peanut growth, field management should be strengthened, and weeding should be taken in a timely manner. When the seedlings grow two leaves, the cotyledons in the soil should be exposed to promote leaf growth and flower bud differentiation. When the plant grows to a height of 30 35 cm, the foliar spray can be applied before 10 00 a.m. or after 15 00 p.m. to properly control the vigorous growth of the plant with a growth regulator. It is also necessary to do the following management according to the different growth periods of peanuts.
1) Emergence stage.
After peanut sowing, some cotyledons cannot be completely unearthed, and seedlings need to be cleared and squatted. If the flat crop is used for sowing, you can use a large hoe to hoe between the rows, and then use a small shovel to pick up the soil around the seedlings to expose the two ** leaves of peanuts. If the ridge is used for sowing, you can use a large hoe to hoe the deep ditch, shallow hoe the back of the ridge, and then use a small shovel to clear the tree to expose the cotyledons. It should be noted that the cotyledons of the seedlings should not be touched when clearing, so as not to affect the development of side branches, the amount of fruit and the yield. After clearing, do not rush to cultivate, let the seedlings squat and stabilize the seedlings, and then carry out tillage when the first pair of side branches and the second branch grow strong.
2) Seedling stage. The focus of seedling management is to do a good job in water and fertilizer regulation, promote root growth and development, and balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The seedling stage generally does not need watering, and appropriate drought can promote the root system to take root and the seedlings are short and strong, which is called "dry seedlings". There is a large demand for nitrogen fertilizer at the seedling stage, and sufficient nitrogen fertilizer can promote the formation and differentiation of root nodules, and can also promote the growth of stalks, which can produce more flowers and fruits. 3 5 leaf stage, 5kg of urea can be applied per mu to promote the growth and development of seedlings.
3) Flowering and podding stage.
1.Cultivating soil.
This period is the critical period of fruit growth, the fruit retention rate of flowering and forming fruit needles is high, and it is necessary to do a good job in cultivating the soil, effectively prevent lodging and shorten the distance between fruit needles and the ground, promote the development of fruit needles and pods, and increase the fruit setting rate and full fruit rate. First of all, it is necessary to keep the soil moist to ensure that the peanuts bloom and shoot down, so that they can bear more fruit.
2.Do a good job in water and fertilizer management.
At this stage, peanuts are very sensitive to water response, and when they find that the leaves are wilting, they should be watered in time to ensure that there is sufficient water**. A large number of nodules are formed in the root system during the flowering needle stage, and the rhizobia can produce the nitrogen element they need, so they do not need to apply nitrogen fertilizer after flowering to prevent the plant from growing. Foliar fertilisers, boron and molybdenum were sprayed before and after flowering to preserve flowers and fruits. At the end of full flowering, paclobutrazol 50g per mu can be applied, and the leaves can be sprayed with water according to the ratio of 1 to 1 to prevent plant growth and lodging, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions between plants, and increase leaf photosynthesis.
3.Timely chemical control.
Timely chemical control can not only shape the ideal plant shape, but also effectively improve the yield of peanut production. Chemical control should not be too early, early will easily lead to short seedlings, not too late, late will lead to plant growth and growth, affect the fruit needles into the soil smoothly, seriously affect the yield. About 30 days after flowering is the best time for chemical control, the dosage should be strictly controlled when spraying growth regulators, the top growth point of the plant should be sprayed, and the ideal plant height should be controlled at 30 40cm.
6. Pest control.
There are many kinds of flower diseases, and the common diseases mainly include stem rot, crown rot, white silk disease, leaf spot, brown spot and other diseases, which mainly harm the roots, stems and leaves of peanuts. Pyraclostrobin is the latest development of methoxyacrylate fungicide, which can effectively prevent and control diseases caused by a variety of bacteria such as semi-known bacteria, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, flagellates, etc., with strong permeability and systemic conductivity, and has a good prevention, protection and protection effect on peanut root rot, stem rot, leaf spot, white silk disease, leaf spot, brown spot and other diseases, and is one of the best agents for the prevention and control of peanut diseases. It is used for seed dressing, which can effectively prevent the occurrence and spread of a variety of peanut diseases.
The main pests of peanuts are grubs, needleworms, aphids, thrips, ground tigers, etc., which mainly harm the roots, stems and leaves of peanuts. It causes a decrease in photosynthesis and a decrease in yield, and when it is severe, it can cause a large number of plants to die. thiamethoxam is the second generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, which has contact killing and stomach toxicity, strong systemic properties, good stability, long duration of effect, and can be used for seed dressing, which can effectively control underground pests such as grubs, ground tigers, needleworms, etc., and can also effectively prevent the harm of aphids, thrips, planthoppers and other pests. After mixing the two, it is used for seed dressing, and the synergistic effect is obvious, which can not only effectively control flower diseases, but also effectively control peanut underground and aboveground pests, and the effect is good.
7. Harvest at the right time.
Harvest peanuts should be mastered at a good time, harvest too early, the grains are not full, most of them are fruits, and the quality is poor. If harvested too late, the pods are easy to fall off, and it is not easy to harvest when they fall into the ground. Generally, when the peanut shell is hardened, the shell wall has blue-brown patches, the stripes are clear, the particles are full, the color of the peanut tree gradually turns from green to yellow, and the lower leaves begin to fall off, it can be harvested.
Author: Xiao Yonglan (Yinan County Rural Revitalization Service Center), *Editor: Tianshan Plant Protection.