Tuyuhun is another threat that the Sui Dynasty must solve when operating the Silk Road and developing the Silk Road.
"Tuyuhun" is a Xianbei language, which means "earth, dust". "The Book of Jin: The Biography of Tuyuhun" records: "Tuyuhun, the head of Murong Diao's concubine, his father was involved in the tribe of 1,700 families. ”
Murong Tuguhun is the eldest brother of Murong Diao, because he is a concubine, so he failed to become the leader of the Murong tribe, so after Murong She's death, he was only assigned 1,700 households as a ministry.
Because there was no barbed wire at that time, it was not so clear in the grassland. As a result, the horses of Murong Diaobu and the horses of Tuyuhun were mixed together, "two horses fighting".
As the patriarch of the Murong Clan, Murong Diao naturally wanted to be arrogant and reprimanded the chief Shi Murong Tuguhun: "The first centimeters are different, so why not stay away from each other, but make the horse fight." "When my father passed away, we were already separated, why didn't you stay away and deliberately let the two horses fight.
This is a bit of a pun: this "stay away" is not only to let his brother Tuyuhun stay away from his tribe, but to let him get out of the Xianbei Murong Department.
The strong man of the grassland has always been heroic and refreshing, so Murong Tuguhun couldn't stand his brother's pun and teased, and said angrily: "Horses are animal ears, fighting their normality, why be angry with others!."It's easy to say goodbye, and you should go thousands of miles away. "Horses are beasts, and it is normal for animals to fight each other, how can you be angry with people!Isn't it easy to leave, then I'll be thousands of miles away from you, so it's far enough.
After the conflict between Murong Diao and Tuyuhun, Murong Diao regretted it and couldn't pull his face to save Tuyuhun, so he asked the old people in the clan to dissuade Tuyuhun, Tuyuhun was desperate to go, and let his subordinates drive Ma Dong away, if the horse was willing to go back, he would follow back, amazingly, the horse did not take a few steps, and suddenly let out a sad roar, the sound was like a decadent mountain, and he resolutely went west, and Tuyuhun led the crowd all the way to the west.
It may be that the road is difficult, so Tuyuhun drew a big pie for his subordinates, and he said to everyone: "The children and grandchildren of our brothers should be prosperous......I'm not going to rise until I'm a great-grandchild." This prophecy may have been Tuyuhun's words, but history has been surprisingly fulfilled.
Tuyuhun led the people to move west to the Yinshan area, Yinshan is the hometown of the Xiongnu, the water and grass are abundant, but Tuyuhun only lived here for more than 20 years. During the Yongjia period, Tuyuhun moved south again, and after moving out of Yinshan, "the beginning of Longxi, as for Caohan", entered the Hehuang area. Because the Caohan region was under the competition of various forces at this time, and was successively occupied by Qianliang, Qianzhao, Qianqin and Western Qin, Tuyuhun did not stay in Caohan for a long time, and moved to the southwest.
In the process of migration, Tuyuhun conquered the local Qiang tribes in the Hehuang region, increased his own strength, and laid the foundation for the establishment of political power. But because of this, fierce conflicts broke out with the local Qiang people. Tuyuhun's successor, his son Tuyan, was assassinated by the Qiang.
According to history, the sphere of influence controlled by Tuyuhun at this time was "more than 1,000 miles east of Caohan and Gansong to Henan, south of Angcheng and Longgan, southwest of Taoshui, extremely white, thousands of miles".
Later, Tuyuhun's grandson Ye Yan succeeded to the throne and established the Mukechuan headquarters in Shazhou, with Tuyan as the clan, Tuyuhun as the surname, clan surname and country name, and set up official positions such as Sima and Changshi, and had a preliminary political structure. During this period, Tuyuhun not only extinguished the resistance of the Qiang people, but also had a territory as far as Sichuan, so the "Tongdian Xirong" contained "to his grandson Yeyan, so it became a strong country".
At that time, when the Sixteen Kingdoms were divided and chaotic, Tuconghun gradually grew stronger and stronger in the mutual war with the powerful neighbors around him.
At the beginning of the fifth century A.D., Shuluogan began to call the king of Tuyuhun, and in the internal "light and thin endowment, reward and reward must be punished", and pay attention to absorb scholars, Sima, doctors and other officials, all use Confucianism;The surrounding Qiang tribes are attached, and the Tuyuhun power is prosperous, according to Gan and Qingjian, and the actual control is to Taohe and Longgu in the east, Chishui and Bailan in the west, the Yellow River in the north, and Dajishi Mountain in the south. It is adjacent to Nanliang in the north and West Qin in the east. To his younger brother A Jackal "annexed Di and Qiang, thousands of miles away, known as a strong country", and became an important regime in the northwest at that time.
During the reign of Mu Bi, Tuyuhun entered its heyday. According to "The Biography of Wei Shu Tuyuhun", Mu Bi "recruited people from Qin and Liang and Qiangrong to five or six hundred villages, Shu and Han in the south, Liangzhou and Helian in the north, and the people became prosperous."
"The country is impermanent, and it is necessary to tax the rich businessmen to fill it." —The Biography of Tuyuhun in the Northern History. The commercial economy has become the main source of Tuyuhun's fiscal revenue.
History: "Tuyuhun tasted the Persian grass horse, put it into the sea, because of the birth of a horse, can travel thousands of miles a day, and the people who are passed down from generation to generation are also Qinghai horses." ”
Tuyuhun's analysis of the horse market is more in line with the situation at that time: the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains has reached a very high level, and the use of horses in farming has become a common phenomenon, and the Central Plains regime has the ambition to expand the ruling area, and this kind of expeditionary war is mainly completed by cavalry, so horses are the most needed by the Central Plains emperor, that is, the Central Plains will be the largest market for horses.
Therefore, Tuyuhun began to implement their plan, they bought Persian grass horses, and used this high-headed horse from abroad as the paternal parent, and the local Qiang people bred the native horse as the female parent, and improved the horse breed. They specially named this improved horse Qinghai Cong, out of the need for publicity, they also wrote some exaggerated advertising words for Qinghai Cong, pretending that this kind of horse is a "dragon horse" - Qinghai Zhou back more than 1,000 miles, there are hills in the sea, after the ice ice is combined in winter every year, the good peony horse is placed in this mountain, to the spring harvest, the horses are pregnant, the foal is born, called the dragon species, there will be many horses. ”
With Qinghai Cheng, Tuyuhun had the ability to make friends with the emperor of the Central Plains and conquer the surrounding small tribes with the help of the power of the Central Plains.
History: In the first year of Jin Xian'an, Tugu Hun Xi sent 5,000 horses to Qin Fujian at a timeIn the first year of peace in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Hun Shiyin "obtained more than 200,000 camels and horses".
What's even more amazing is that Tuyuhun voted for the emperor of the Central Plains, and also specially domesticated the "dancing horse" for the emperor and the emperor's relatives to enjoy: in the fifth year of the Song Shizu Ming Dynasty, the king of Tuyuhun sent an envoy to offer good dancing horses and four-horned sheep;Emperor Wu of Liang Tianjian in March of the fourth year, drank Huaguang Palace, on the day, Henan State offered a dancing horse ......It can be seen that the good intentions of the Tuyuhun people.
The funny thing is that this false advertisement about the dragon foal actually deceived Yang Guang, and suffered heavy losses: Yang Guang was convinced of this advertisement, so he entered 2,000 female horses in Haixin Mountain, Qinghai Lake, in order to "breed dragons", and then gave up because it was invalid. This is perhaps the first case of false advertising deception in history, and the victim is not an ordinary consumer, but the king of a country!
For Tuyuhun, what is more important is the huge market hidden behind this "contribution", and their purpose is to "buy in the currency market in the name of dedication".
At the same time, although thousands of miles away, Tuyuhun formulated a national policy of actively developing political and economic relations with the Southern and Northern Dynasties in order to survive. A jackal annexed Qiang for thousands of miles, dwelling in the Qiang River, in the Qiang, called the strong department, although far away in the place of thousands of miles, once climbed the west inclined mountain, looking for the source of the river, in order to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sent an envoy to Jiankang, tribute to Liu Song, was named by Liu Song as the history of Shazhou thorn, pouring the river.
In history, Tuyuhun sent tribute envoys to Liu Song 20 times, sent envoys to the Southern Qi Dynasty once, and sent envoys to the Liang Dynasty nine times, and this kind of political relationship has an obvious economic purpose: "Although the buds are reinstated, the only thing is Jia Dao", which shows that Tuyuhun has a close relationship with the Southern Dynasties of China. It should be said that the ** road leading from the Western Regions to the south of the Yangtze River through Qinghai and northwest Sichuan was also opened up by Tuyuhun. This is a major contribution of Tuyuhun to the Silk Road.
The relationship between Tuyuhun and the Northern Dynasties is more complicated, the rise and growth of Tuyuhun has become a major obstacle to the unification of the northwest by the Northern Wei Dynasty, and it actively develops political and economic relations with the Southern Dynasties in order to counter the strategy of the Northern Wei Dynasty is very jealous of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so the Northern Wei Dynasty and Tuyuhun have had many wars, but because Tuyuhun is on the road of the two norths, the merchants of the Western Regions and the Northern Wei Dynasty must pass through Tuyuhun, and the good horses of Tuyuhun are the materials urgently needed by the Northern Wei Dynasty, so the Northern Wei Dynasty has to fight with Tuyuhun ** , and Tuyuhun also needed to obtain advanced production technology and abundant commodities from the Central Plains from the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Therefore, despite repeated wars, from the four-year war of Huangxing of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the sixty years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuyuhun and the Northern Wei Dynasty still had close contacts. History records that during this period, Tuyuhun sent tribute envoys to the Northern Wei Dynasty up to 56 times, sometimes up to three or four times a year. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuyuhun and the Northern Dynasties still maintained close economic exchanges, from the Eastern Wei Xinghe Erhe to the Northern Qi Tianbao four years, Tuyuhun sent envoys to the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi for ten times.
According to the record of "Northern History, Tuyuhun Biography", in the second year of the abolition of the emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty, the king of Tuyuhun Qualu sent tribute envoys to pass through Qi, and was attacked by the ambush soldiers of the Western Wei Liangzhou Assassin Shi Ning set up in Xichiquan, Liangzhou, and the captured Tuyuhun tribute envoy was a servant shooting begging and touching the form, and there were "240 Shanghu people, 600 camels and mules, and tens of thousands of variegated silk silks" in the caravan.
It can be seen that the Tuyuhun Gonggong envoy to the Northern Dynasty was actually a national caravan**, and in addition to the Tuyuhun merchants, there were also a large number of merchants from the Western Regions who were members of the Tuyuhun caravan and China**.