The Ming and Qing dynasties of Hokkien dialect had a large-scale northward transmission process, and this time the spread was mainlyThe Hokkien dialect in the original Quanzhou Prefecture was moved to the current free shipping area (Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in the Qing Dynasty, and the old Jiangsu Province including the present-day Shanghai).Main. Today we will learn about the Hokkien dialect in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
The existing Hokkien dialect in Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions generally reflects the characteristics of Quanzhou dialect, and the most important distribution places are Cangnan, Pingyang and other places in southern Zhejiang, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and some people in southern Fujian are due toThe war or engaged in agricultural and fishery work successively moved to southern Zhejiang, and continued to spread northward from southern Zhejiang to southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. Nowadays, the Hokkien dialect islands in Yixing, Wuxi, and Pingfeng Community, Xihu District, Hangzhou are all from southern Zhejiang.
After this series of Hokkien dialects moved north and developed independently for a hundred years, there were a series of changes that were very different from those of the ancestral land, either self-changing or influenced by the local Wu languagePhonetics, vocabulary, grammarBecause the southern Fujian dialect island in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang comes from southern Zhejiang, and the Pingfeng dialect in Hangzhou not only has some common characteristics with southern Zhejiang, but also has the characteristics of being influenced by the northern Wu language, which can better reflect the characteristics of this series of Hokkien dialects "deeply influenced by Wu language".
Today, we take Hangzhou Pingfeng dialect as an example to analyze what has changed 400 years after it was separated from the Hokkien dialect of Quanzhou, its ancestral homeland.
In terms of initials
Hangzhou Hokkien dialect has 25 initials, which is 11 more than the 14 in today's Quanzhou dialect.
Chen Yu 2016
The following is a brief introduction to the two more significant characteristics of Hangzhou Hokkien initials compared with Quanzhou.
We should not think that these Hokkien dialects that have migrated to other provinces will necessarily produce any "inauthentic" changesIn terms of initials, Hangzhou Hokkien dialect retains a initials from the early Quanzhou dialect, which can be described as more "authentic".
In the early and middle Qing Dynasty, the initials of "日" and "liu" in Quanzhou dialect were different, that is, they could distinguish the words read r and l n in Mandarin.
In the Middle Ages and before, the pattern of the opposition between the whole Qing and the voiced initials of Chinese was basically preserved in the Wu language, while the native Hokkien dialect and various Min languages in Fujian had already been cleared except for a few dialects in northern Fujian, but the Taihu Pian Wu language in Hangzhou was well preserved, which affected the local Hokkien dialect to a certain extent.
It can be seen from this initial table that there are more voiced consonants in this Hokkien dialect than in Quanzhou: such as [d], the voiced consonants in Hokkien dialect also manage many words that read the same or similar pronunciation parts in the local language, such as [g] is "right" and "old";[dz] managed the "ten" and "ancestral hall", these words are mostly the words of the ancient voiced initials, quite a bit of "atavism" meaning, which is a very significant change after this Hokkien dialect moved into the Wu language area.
Of course, this kind of "Wu languageization" and "full voiced initial restoration" of initials are conditional: only the pronunciation of Hokkien and Wu pronunciation initials of only one word is the same or extremely similar or extremely similar, or the pronunciation of Wu is borrowed.
Both Min and Wu languages maintain the characteristics of "Cheng" and "Ding" before the Middle Ages, but the Wu language of Taihu Pian, to which Hangzhou dialect belongs, does not have this characteristic. There is no pronunciation of the same pronunciation part of the ancient Cheng mother character in the Wu Taihu film, so most of the ancient Cheng mother characters in Hangzhou Hokkien dialect maintain the long-established reading of Hokkien dialect.
As can be seen from the above table, the initials of "except" and "worm" are still the same as those of Hokkien dialect, and if it is the overall voiced initial "restore turbidity", it should be read [d].
In terms of finals
Hangzhou Hokkien dialect has a big change in terms of finals compared with Quanzhou Hokkien dialect, that isThe change of the rhyme end of the phonetic wordTry comparing the following words.
It can be seen that in Hangzhou Hokkien dialect, the three rhyme endings of -p, -t, and -k in Quanzhou dialect are basically attributed to -, which is the same as the situation in Hangzhou dialectAnd the original Quanzhou dialect has disappeared. This is the most significant finals feature of Hangzhou Hokkien dialect, of course, yuanThere have also been some changes in the sound, but the magnitude of the change is relatively small.
Tonal aspect
There are six tones in Hangzhou Hokkien, which are:Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Yin Shang, Voiceless, Yin In, Yang In。Among them, the Yang uptone of the Quanzhou dialect is read as the sound in Hangzhou Pingfeng (which can be regarded as Yang Go), and the characteristics of Yang Shang returning to Yang are common in most of the coastal Min languages and Hangzhou Wu languages in Fujian, and it is difficult to determine whether this feature is Wu language or Min language, the ancestral home of immigrants;As in Quanzhou, there is no distinction between yin and yang, but early Quanzhou and modern Hangzhou are actually separated, so it is difficult to determine the reason for this change.
References
Chen Yu 2016 "Hokkien Dialect Island in Hangzhou: A Case Study of Pingfeng Village", Hangzhou Normal University**.
Bao Shijie 1998 Hangzhou Dialect Dictionary, Jiangsu Education Press.
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