Vegetable cultivation Nightshade vegetables mainly include: tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and so on. Its nutritional value is very high, coupled with convenient processing, strong adaptability, the national cultivation range is relatively extensive, with good edible value and economic value, is one of the important fruits and vegetables in China. In this paper, a set of cultivation modes suitable for the actual production situation were summarized, and the corresponding supporting technical analysis was put forward on this basis, in order to provide reference for local farmers.
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Variety selection
In terms of variety selection, as far as possible, medium-early maturing varieties with good stress resistance, moderate growth, small plant opening and high fruit setting rate should be selected. Purple round eggplant varieties, you can choose Beijing eggplant black treasure, top ten round eggplant, fast round eggplant, etc.;Purple long eggplant varieties, you can choose Dalong, Blitta, Black General, etc.;Green eggplant varieties, you can choose rough green eggplant, etc.
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Seedlings
Seedlings have eight to nine true leaves when planting, the leaves are wide and thick, the leaf color is dark green and shiny, the cotyledons are well developed, the general seedling height can reach 18-20cm, and the stalk is thick to 0Above 5cm, more than 70% of the buds are large, with well-developed roots and white color.
Determination of the sowing date
The seedling period of eggplant takes about 100 days, and if it is not properly managed during this period, the seedlings are very prone to aging, so it is necessary to pay attention to the preparation of the seedbed soil when raising seedlings, and expand the nutrient area of the seedlings by increasing the temperature of the land. The determination of the sowing date can be calculated according to the seedling period.
Seed treatment
The seed coat of eggplant is generally thick, and the seed coat should be removed from the germ before sowing. In order to better float out the shriveled seeds, you can first soak the seeds in water for about 10 minutes. Then soak the seeds in warm water of 50 for about 15 minutes, and start to soak the seeds when the water temperature gradually drops to about 25, which lasts for about 10-12 hours. Then germinate in an environment of 25-30, and after 5-6 days, about 2 3 seeds will complete germination, and you can enter the sowing stage.
Seedbed sowing
Eggplant sowing should be made of loose and fertile bed soil, can take the method of medicated soil seeding (soil sterilization), that is, the same amount of mixed quintozenene and zecine compound preparation of 7-8g and 15kg of dry fine soil per square meter is evenly mixed into medicated soil, sprinkled 2 3 before sowing, and then sprinkled 1 3 after sowing.
Post-sowing management
After covering the soil, the bed is covered with plastic film, and the plastic arch shed is buckled on the electric hotbed or ordinary ground bed. Within a week after sowing, the cotyledons begin to emerge one after another, and the mulch film of 2 3 seedlings should be removed in the morning to prevent roasting and damaging the seedlings.
It is difficult for eggplant to grow from the cotyledons to the true leaf heartbreaking, if the seedbed is drought, it can be watered once as appropriate, in order to avoid the occurrence of soil moisture too high and too low temperature to induce disease, it can be retained normally.
Seedling division and seedling stage management
Eggplant is a single seedling, which is suitable for early seedling treatment. In order to better protect the root system of seedlings, containers can be used to divide seedlings. The temperature can be increased by 2-3 in the slow seedling stage to promote the rapid growth of new roots. Seedling stage, can appropriately reduce the temperature of the seedbed, while paying attention to reasonable adjustment of temperature, generally in the day 22-25, night 10-15 is more suitable, night temperature with the growth of seedlings gradually decreased. 02%-0.Foliar topdressing with 4% urea can achieve obvious seedling strengthening effect.
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Fertilization of the land
Eggplant is suitable for growing in places with fertile soil and superior drainage and irrigation environment. It has very high requirements for crop rotation, and generally needs to be rotated with non-Solanaceae vegetables for more than five years, or grafting methods are used to reduce the impact of Verticillium wilt and wilt on the growth of eggplant. In addition, eggplant likes fertilizer and is tolerant of fertilizer, and the growth and maturity period is relatively long, so in the cultivation process, attention should be paid to deep ploughing first and then re-applying base fertilizer, so as to promote the increase of yield and avoid the occurrence of premature aging. Usually 60%-70% of the base fertilizer is sprinkled in the autumn ploughing before the year, and spring ploughing is carried out in the spring of the second year to protect moisture, and the soil should be evenly and finely broken when raking. Then 30% organic fertilizer is sprinkled on the ridge when the ridge is beaten, and the soil is stirred until it is even. After making ridges, cover the plastic film in time to achieve the purpose of temperature and moisture preservation. In places with a lot of wet rain and poor drainage and irrigation conditions, you can choose high furrows or ridge planting, or directly excavate drainage channels. In places with higher terrain and arid weather, low furrows can also be made to facilitate later watering. In northern China, multi-row ridge cropping is generally adopted, which is not only convenient for watering and drainage, but also can increase disease resistance and avoid lodging.
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Colonization
One month before planting, the canopy film can increase the soil temperature, and at the same time, it can significantly improve the growth of the plant and the flowering and fruit set. When buckle the film in advance, the shed film should be pressed firmly and sealed to prevent wind damage.
The purpose of cultivation is to harvest eggplant, there is a good law, only by increasing the number and weight of a single plant to a large extent to restrict the increase of eggplant yield, then it is necessary to increase the number of plants per unit area to promote the increase of eggplant production. In the daily production process, most of them are densely planted by expanding the row spacing and reducing the plant spacing. This can not only improve the ventilation and light transmission of plants, but also reduce the phenomenon of fruit rot caused by diseases such as cotton blight. When planting, a reasonable planting density can be determined according to the chosen planting environment.
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In-shed management
Temperature management
After planting, ventilation operation is generally not carried out, and the temperature during the day should be kept between 28-30, and the temperature at night should be kept between 15-18, which can increase the soil temperature and help slow down the seedlings. In early to mid-May, when the outdoor temperature continues to stabilize above 15, diurnal ventilation is carried out to reduce humidity. At the end of May and the beginning of June, when the outdoor temperature increases significantly, the film should be removed and the open field cultivation should be switched to better improving the quality of the fruit.
Fertilizer and water management
Eggplant planting must be watered enough planting water, to the later stage, usually only after the early planting did not water enough planting water or due to the poor water retention conditions of the soil and water shortage, will be watered again in the slow seedling period, if the situation allows, can be used under the film irrigation method for irrigation, in order to reduce the relative humidity in the shed. When the heart leaves of the eggplant seedlings begin to stretch, indicating that the plant has been slowed down, at this time, if the soil is dry, you can water the seedlings once according to the actual local conditions, but you should grasp the amount of water, not too much, and pay attention to the water control after watering the seedlings. The squatting period should not be too long, and the squatting will end when the eggplant enters the vigorous growth period. Eggplant has entered the vigorous growth period, and the maximum water holding capacity of the soil in the field is best maintained at about 80%. Since soil moisture affects the growth of fruits, suitable soil moisture can promote good fruit growthWhen there is a shortage of soil moisture, the fruit becomes shorter. In case of continuous rainy weather, it is necessary to pay attention to improving the permeability of the soil, reasonably draining and preventing waterlogging, and avoiding the occurrence of root and fruit rot.
Usually in the eggplant into the vigorous growth period of reasonable top dressing, generally about 20 days after a top dressing, top dressing fertilizer to nitrogen fertilizer, if the bottom fertilizer of the top dressing is lacking in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, can be used with top dressing phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. Usually 10-15 kg of urea is used each time. During the fruit enlargement stage, urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed to the foliar surface 03%-0.Mix 5% liquid fertilizer 2-3 times to further promote fruit expansion.
Plant adjustments
The growth of eggplant is vigorous, the growth period is long, and reasonable plant regulation can better establish a sound individual and group organization, improve the environment of ventilation and light transmission, and thus improve the photosynthetic quality. Due to the regular plant branching development and flowering and fruiting Xi in the growth process of eggplant, the regulation method is relatively simple. At present, the adjustment is mainly made by the double-stem pruning method, that is, when the eggplant is formed, the two side branches that grow outward are first cut off, only the two upward double branches are retained, and finally all the other side branches are removed.
When pruning, you can clean up some of the lower old leaves, diseased leaves, and residual leaves at the same time. Properly plucking some of the leaves will not only prevent flower drop, reduce eggplant rot, but also better promote eggplant coloration. However, it is not possible to blindly remove the leaves, otherwise it is easy to cause malnutrition in the whole pruning, and then lead to premature aging. Usually, when the leaf picking operation is carried out, only some of the aging dead yellow leaves and the leaves that are seriously affected by pests and diseases are removed, and the general method is as follows: when the diameter of the eggplant reaches 3-4cm, remove the aging leaves of the lower part of the eggplant;When the diameter of the four-female eggplant reaches 3-4cm, the old leaves under the eggplant are removed again, and the leaves are generally not picked again.
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Harvesting
Eggplant should be harvested early in time to avoid interfering with plant development and fruit emergence in the later stage, and it can be harvested when the eggplant and later fruits reach the commercial maturity stage.