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Thor, an expert on aesthetic affairs, is very objective in his evaluation of MacArthur, in his opinion, this person has quite serious character flaws, but the flaws are not enough to cover up his shining points and historical contributions.
MacArthur's evaluation of major international political events and his analysis of the global pattern hit the nail on the head.
In 1962, when he heard that India was planning to declare war on China, MacArthur uttered the most pertinent remark, and his views were endorsed by other experts. So, what did MacArthur think of India's challenging behavior?And on what basis did he evaluate it?
In 1962, a big war broke out between China and India, and MacArthur, who had previously looked down on the squadron, actually commented this time that "the Indians made a stupid decision and asked for their own suffering." ”
MacArthur is a legendary general of the U.S. Army, he was admitted to the West Point Military Academy at the age of 19, the West Point Military Academy "the highest graduation score", in the First World War, he made great achievements, promoted to the commander of the 84th Brigade. Later, he rose to prominence and slowly became the five-star general we are familiar with.
MacArthur also set a record when he became the youngest principal of West Point in 1919, when he was 39 years old.
Perhaps it was because of this experience that MacArthur later behaved so arrogantly, "The Yalu River is a barrier that can be crossed, the squadron is nothing remarkable, I have already told the children, let them go home before Christmas for the holidays!."In fact, this arrogant attitude is pervasive and not unique to MacArthur alone.
Just like before the battle of Yunshan, the commander of the 1st US Cavalry Division, Palmer, heard that there was a squadron ** in front, and directly sneered: "Chinese?."Will they also fight?”
The Volunteer Army gave the answer.
In the first battle, the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division suffered heavy losses one after another, and the unit numbers were lost. MacArthur had not yet realized the seriousness of the problem, after all, the past was too glorious, and the successful landing at Inchon pushed him to the top.
However, defeat ensued, MacArthur could not sit still, and the 113th Division of the 38th Army shattered his last illusion. In 14 hours, the unit crossed 70 kilometers of mountain roads, faster than the American troops in cars. The defeated American troops fled in all directions, and some of them arrived at Eagle Ridge and saw a shocking scene again.
The 129 volunteer soldiers had been frozen into ice sculptures, but their expressions were still grim, and they maintained a fighting posture, even pointing their guns in the same direction. This scene has since become a nightmare for countless American troops, with muscles and bones defeating steel, and blood beating firepower.
The Christmas offensive came to naught, and MacArthur fell off the altar completely. Even MacArthur himself said in his post-war reflections: "I have to admit that it was the strongest army unit in the world!"”
Against this backdrop, in 1962, MacArthur suddenly learned that India was at war with China, and although he knew that India was backed by powerful countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union, he still believed that "it was a decision that I could not afford to make."
II. India's Reverie.
India has gone so far as to regard the McMahon Line as an insurmountable red line, but at the same time it has contempt for it and has crossed it on its own initiative.
The McMahon Line was established in 1914 when Britain established a border line between China and India, which was the McMahon Line.
The McMahon Line was not at all a product of the 1914 Simla Conference, but was forged by Britain and India** in 1935, as it was only publicly proposed in 1936.
After the British left India in 1947, Nehru aspired to become the third great power outside of the United States and the Soviet Union. So he regarded the McMahon Line as a legal boundary, and sent troops to garrison it, occupying the southern Tibetan region.
Nikru brazenly sent troops to gradually cross the McMahon Line and enter the territory of China, openly proposing to include 90,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory in the territory of India, taking the opportunity to pursue a policy of advance and encroach on China's territory.
** Considering the friendly relations between China and India, India has always exercised restraint and tried to resolve the dispute through peaceful means, but India has taken an inch, regarded China's forbearance as weakness, and invaded our territory on a large scale.
In October 1962, Nikru ordered the Indian army to quietly cross the McMahon Line from Sector East and attack our border guards. A large number of troops were stationed in the Western Sector to prepare for a possible big battle.
I believe that this scene will make many people puzzled, what kind of confidence does India have to attack the ** team?
In fact, India's "boldness" has a lot to do with China's "dilemma".
The West and the United States have always pursued a policy of isolation towards our country. Our relations with the Soviet Union have deteriorated again, the ambitions of the Soviet Union have been exposed, the two parties have fallen out, and the contradictions have become white-hot.
On the contrary, India, with the support of countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union, intends to lead the countries of the third world.
India believed that it had risen economically, militarily, and diplomatically, and that it was fully capable of challenging China, and that there was no need to cooperate with China. Nehru and others did not realize that this was a "false prosperity", and it was not until the defeat that they were completely awakened from the dream of becoming a strong country.
3. Expected victory.
From October 20, 1962, the Indian army began to launch a large-scale attack on China's border defenses, and decided to quickly cut through the chaos and fight a "war of self-defense and counterattack". Our army has regained Tawang, an important town in southern Tibet occupied by India since 1950, and the first phase of the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack has ended.
He called Nehru twice to find a peaceful solution to the Indian problem but was refused, during which Nehru bought heavily from various countries, and the United States, John F. Kennedy, publicly recognized the McMahon Line and provided $1 billion in aid to India, airdropping a large amount of military.
Some Indians also planned to open a second battlefield in Taiwan, China, but Chiang Kai-shek strongly refused to accept the McMahon Line. November 14 is Nehru's 76th birthday, Indian Army Lieutenant General Kaul flew to the easternmost point of the Sino-Indian border on November 13 to the Warong Theater, and ordered the next day to launch an attack on the squadron, which was fought against the 130th Division of the 54th Army of the Chinese elite army, which was praised as one of the 10 most capable troops in the four fields.
In the early morning of November 14, the 11th Brigade of the Indian Army launched an attack on the Chinese position, the battle lasted for 6 hours, the Indian Army has become the end of the strong crossbow, the 130th Division launched a charge against the Indian Army in the evening, the two sides fought fiercely for a day and night, the main force of the first squadron broke through the defensive position of the Indian Army in one fell swoop under the powerful artillery extended fire, and the 11th Brigade of the Indian Army was annihilated.
After the enemy was completely annihilated, the squadron was ordered to carry out a counterattack on the entire Sino-Indian border, and with a team of 1,500 people, under the guidance of the local Tibetans, it found a path interspersed behind the enemy, known as the Bailey Trail in history. After the general offensive began on November 18, the squadron of the divine soldiers fell from the sky and attacked back and forth, and the Indian army quickly collapsed within a day, and the defending Indian 65th Brigade withdrew from its position without a fight.
On the way to retreat, it encountered the resistance of the troops interspersed in the rear, and the whole army was scattered. On November 18, the squadron took advantage of the situation to attack Bomdila and defeated the reinforcements to occupy Bomdilla. On the 21st, the Chinese ** team won three battles and three victories, and all the Indian army's invasion bases in China were cleared.
The Indian army was defeated on all fronts of the eastern and western sections of the Sino-Indian border. At this time, the US ambassador to India wrote in an urgent report to Washington that there was an extreme panic in New Delhi, the capital of India, and the squadron could send paratroopers to New Delhi at any time.
Nehru asked Kennedy to send fighter jets and bombers to the war. However, on this day, our country announced that the border guards would take the initiative to cease fire and withdraw on their own initiative, and from December 1, 1959, the army would withdraw to the Line of Actual Control on November 7, 1959, and return a large number of captured **, vehicles and military supplies to India, and soon after, all the Indian prisoners were also returned to the Indian side.
The Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack has since ended. Chinese border guards killed 722 people.
697 people were wounded, more than 4,800 Indian troops were killed, and more than 3,900 were captured, repulsing the Indian army that invaded China's territory, defending China's territorial sovereignty, and setting a precedent in the international community for the victorious army to take the initiative to cease fire, take the initiative to retreat, and take the initiative to return the seized materials.
At that time, in the face of the isolation of the West and the coldness of the Soviet Union, our country was already in a difficult situation. At this time, if we take advantage of the victory to pursue the attack, it will give foreign countries an excuse to intervene, which will not be conducive to the image that China has established among the third world countries. After all, this war is not what we want to fight, ** before the war also made it clear that "I hope to use this war in exchange for 30 years of peace between China and India!".”
4. Sino-Indian friendship and cooperation.
Judging from the performance of various countries after the war, it is obvious that they are all on the side of India, which is also destined to be a war that ends quickly.
However, although this war did not last long, it brought a huge shock to Nehru and other Indians, who realized the power gap between India and China, and only peaceful development can be beneficial to both sides.
In the final analysis, the Sino-Indian border dispute is a historical product of Western colonialism, with China and India both being victims, and Britain and the United States having bad intentions in the hope of perpetuating the contradictions and conflicts. Since then, despite instigation, China and India have shown relative restraint in bilateral relations, while India has shown a certain degree of sobriety.
When India looked back at the Sino-Indian war in 1962, it once pointed out: "New Delhi and Beijing have no conflict in the development model, let the ghost of 1962 haunt us again!"”
Looking back at history, it is not difficult to find that both MacArthur and Nehru had arrogantly despised China, but they quickly realized their mistakes. It is hoped that more countries and leaders will learn from the lessons and stop going down the wrong path.