The whole process of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty went through six time nodes:
1661 The 18th year of Shunzhi is the first time node.
At half of the night of the sixth day of the first month, Emperor Shunzhi had a premonition that his life was dying, and he urgently ordered the eunuch to summon Ma Leji and Wang Xi to rush to the Yangxin Palace. The emperor said to Wang Xi: "I have a pox, and I can't afford it, so you can listen to my words in detail and write an edict quickly." ”
Wang Xi knelt in front of the couch, crying silently, holding the pen and trembling, unable to write for a long time.
The emperor persuaded: "This matter has come to this point, there is a certain number, the monarch and the minister meet, and the fate is over, you don't have to be so sad." When is this?It is still possible to postpone the engagement, which will lead to a major event. ”
Wang Xiqiang suppressed his grief and drafted the first paragraph before the royal couch and handed it over to Shunzhi. After the emperor finished reading, he was already paralyzed on the bed, unable to move.
Malerji and Wang Xi immediately went to the Qianqing Palace, drafted the edict overnight in accordance with the will of Emperor Shunzhi, and then was quickly sent to the Yangxin Palace by the guards and handed over to Emperor Shunzhi for inspection.
After the edict was approved by the emperor, it was repeatedly revised, "the three who enter the submission can be reported." Then Ma Leji collected the edict and went to Fengzhi Empress Dowager with Jia Bujia.
In the middle of the night of the seventh day of the first month, Emperor Shunzhi died of illness in the Palace of Nourishing Hearts. The next day, an edict was issued, designating Xuan Ye as the emperor. Legacy Zhaoyun: "Taizong created a foundation, and the stakes are very important. The heir of Yuanliang cannot be empty for a long time. Born to Concubine Tong, who was eight years old, Qi Yingcong, Ke Cheng Zongao, was established as the crown prince, that is, he obeyed the canonical system, served for 27 days, and released the emperor's throne. ”
On the ninth day of the first lunar month, Xuanye ascended the throne of the emperor in the Taihe Palace, and then announced to the world that he would issue an amnesty, and next year would be the first year of Kangxi.
Xuan Ye's biological mother, Tong, is the daughter of the crown prince and Taibao Tong Tulai. Tong gave birth to Xuan Ye when he was fifteen years old. After Xuan Ye ascended the throne, he was honored as the empress dowager.
According to the rules of the Qing Dynasty, the royal children, regardless of their grandchildren, were given to their nurses to raise at birth. A royal child usually has more than forty servants, including eight nursing mothers. Kangxi later recalled: "When I was a child, I didn't have a pox, so my nanny took care of me outside the Forbidden City. My parents are on their knees, and I haven't been happy for a day, which I am sorry for for 60 years. ”
The nurse who has been with Xuan Ye for the longest time is Sun Shi, the wife of Cao Xi, who is the white flag Han army.
Qing Chengming system. Once the prince is proclaimed emperor, the nursing mother who used to raise him is often entitled. After Xuan Ye ascended the throne, he specially awarded Cao Xi to Jiangning Weaving, and named Sun as the wife of Yipin. After Xi's death, he ordered his son Yin to take over his father's position.
When Xuan Ye was eleven years old, his biological mother Tong died. His grandmother, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, adopted him in Cining Palace. According to Emperor Kangxi's recollections: "Nian Zhenfu was eight years old, Emperor Shizuzhang was Bintian, and the Empress Dowager Cihe died at the age of eleven......Relying on the teachings of the Holy Grandmother, the Queen Mother, the Queen Mother, the ...... was establishedWithout a grandmother, the Empress Dowager would not have been established today. ”
Xuanye is the emperor's throne, which is the turning point of the Qing Dynasty from decline to prosperity. Emperor Kangxi was diligent in government affairs all his life, and every morning the emperor came to Qianqingmen to listen to the yamen of various ministries and institutes to start political affairs in different classes, and discussed with scholars and scholars to deal with the twists and turnsAlthough the emperor was arbitrary, he was able to listen to the opinions of his subordinates and encourage them to speak boldly. The emperor personally manages the affairs of the country, thinks about it repeatedly, and considers the period carefully, so there is no major mistake before middle age. The emperor pays attention to practicality, is wider than the emperor, and refuses to increase the number of ministers many times.
The 61st year of Kangxi's reign was the 61st year when the Qing Dynasty moved from decline to prosperity, laying a solid foundation for the prosperity of the Kangqian Dynasty. Without Kangxi, there would be no Kangqian prosperity. Yongzheng and Qianlong are just following in the footsteps of Kangxi!
1722 The sixty-first year of Kangxi is the second time node.
On October 21, Emperor Kangxi went to Nanyuan to hunt. On the seventh day of November, due to poor health, he returned to Changchun Garden. On the ninth day of the first month, due to illness, Yinzhen was asked to perform the winter solstice sacrifice ceremony. From the tenth to the twelfth day of the first month, Yinzhen sent guards and eunuchs to Changchun Garden every day to greet him. The emperor said: "My body is slightly healed." "On the thirteenth, he was seriously ill and urgently summoned Yinzhen to the fasting place. From three o'clock to five o'clock, the third son of the emperor, the seventh son of the emperor, the eighth son of the emperor, the ninth son of the emperor, the tenth son of the emperor, the twelfth son of the emperor, the thirteenth son of the emperor, as well as the commander of the infantry army, the Shangshu of the Imperial Court Long Keduo to the front of the royal bed, said: "The fourth son of the emperor Yinzhen has a valuable character, and he will be able to inherit the great unification and succeed me to the throne, that is, the emperor." ”
At this time, Yinzhen was not present. When I arrived at Changchun Garden, it was already from 9 o'clock to 11 o'clock. From 19 o'clock to 21 o'clock, Emperor Kangxi died of illness in Changchun Garden.
The edict was issued on November 16. On the 19th, Yinzhen sacrificed to heaven and earth, Taimiao, and Sheji. On the 20th, he ascended the Taihe Palace, accepted the congratulations of the hundred officials, promulgated the edict of enthronement, changed the year name to Yongzheng, and took the next year as the first year of Yongzheng.
Emperor Kangxi was the 12th dynasty of the Qing Dynasty and the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history. The Shunzhi Dynasty was the beginning of the Manchu Dynasty's entry into the Central Plains, and the Kangxi Dynasty was the beginning of the Kangqian Dynasty. Wenzhi martial arts, brilliant for a while. His life can be described as a blessed life. The fly in the ointment is that in his later years, he exhausted his efforts and was extremely troubled for the abolition of the prince.
In the 14th year of Kangxi In 1675, the Kangxi Emperor changed the Qing Dynasty's Xi of not appointing princes and made his eldest son Yinfeng the crown prince. In his view, the establishment of the crown prince is a major event that "lasts for thousands of years" and "is the heart of the four seas". "Since ancient times, the emperor has succeeded the heavens and established the imperial area, and will establish the Yuan Prince, Maolong Guoben, and the Mianzong family has no borders. ”
After Yinren was canonized, under the teachings and training of his father, he became more and more mature, and Kangxi was very pleased, saying that he "is inferior to him in riding archery, speech, and literature". Later, as Yinren's power increased day by day, the contradictions between father and son, and thus between the crown prince, became increasingly acute. Yinren has long been in a position below one person and above ten thousand, and with the vicious attack of power, he has become more and more uneasy about the power of the crown prince. He once said, "In ancient times, how can there be a forty-year-old prince?""The desire to ascend the throne as soon as possible is overflowing.
In August 1708, the 47th year of the Kangxi reign, the Kangxi Emperor led the crown prince and the princes to the west. The eighteenth son of the emperor who accompanied him on the way died of illness, but the crown prince "had no sense of friendship", Kangxi was deeply accused, and Yinren was "angry". On the fourth day of the ninth lunar month, Kangxi ordered Yinren to kneel in front of the palace, and then issued an edict, accusing Yinren of three crimes: 1. Extreme poverty and luxury, and indulgence in life;2. Specializing in authoritarianism and wanton violence;3. The doves gather their henchmen and covet the throne.
Kangxi specifically reprimanded that during this western tour, Yinren "approached the cracks in Putrajaya every night, peeking inward", and "listened to all the daily movements", so that Emperor Kangxi was afraid that "he will be killed today and tomorrow, and he will be cautious day and night".
The edict concludes by saying that all these things "will lead to the destruction of my country and the destruction of my people, and if this unfilial and unkind man is king, what is his ancestral inheritance?"”
After the announcement was completed, Kangxi cried bitterly. He also said: The world created by Taizu, Taizong, and Shizu "must not be paid to this person, and when he returns to Beijing to announce it to the Heaven and Earth Temple, Yinren will be abolished."
The sudden blow suddenly made Yinren "abnormal in words and deeds, sometimes seeing ghosts, uneasy in his sleeping place, and repeatedly moving his home".
Kangxi did not expect that after the abolition of the crown prince, he would invite the eldest son of the emperor Yinhe and the eighth son of the emperor Yinyu to collude with his uncle Tong Guowei and others to step up the pace of plotting to seize the crown prince, causing more fierce battles between father and son and between brothers.
The abolition of the crown prince also caused an uproar within the imperial court, and the people were panicked for a while, and the courtiers were at a loss.
In March 1709, in the forty-eighth year of Kangxi, in order to calm people's hearts and stabilize the political situation, Emperor Kangxi restored Yinren as the crown prince. At the same time, in order to contain Yinren, some princes were named princes, county kings, and beizi to appease.
After Yinren was reinstated, he soon reverted to his old ways and became the target of public criticism again. In order to maintain his existing position, Yinren regrouped his henchmen and strived to take the throne as soon as possible. As a result, the contradictions between the crown princes became more and more acute.
In October 1712, the fifty-first year of Kangxi, Yinren was deposed again. The battle between the princes over the storage position has reached a white-hot level, and it is out of control.
After deposing the crown prince, Emperor Kangxi decided not to pre-appoint the crown prince during his lifetime. He said to the minister of the crown prince Chen Zhuoli: "I have been studying since I was a child, and I have paid attention to everything and know everythingBut the relationship is very serious, and there are those who cannot be taken lightly. ”
He also said: "Song Renzong has not appointed a crown prince for 30 years, my Emperor Taizu has not pre-appointed a crown prince, and Emperor Taizong has not pre-appointed a crown prince. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, the crown prince has been young and has nothing to do. If the prince is old, his left and right groups will form a party for personal gain, and few people who can do nothing ......The princes are not inferior in knowledge and knowledge, but they have grown up and have been divided, and their subordinate personnel have not been protected by their masters, even if they are established, they can ensure that nothing happens in the future”
Although the crown prince was not pre-appointed, Emperor Kangxi was still choosing an heir to the throne who met his wishes. He said: "The prince is the foundation of the country, don't I know?"The relationship is not light. He also said, "If you want to make a crown prince now, you must take my heart as your heart before you can do it, and it is not advisable to act lightly?"”
The issue of the abolition of the crown prince of the Kangxi Dynasty is counted from the twenty-seventh year of 1688 to the sixty-first year of 1722 Kangxi died, which lasts for thirty-four yearsIf you count from the forty-two years of dealing with Suo Etu, there is a history of 20 years until Kangxi's death. During this period, the princes' groups fought endlessly, and the princes sought each other to abolish each other, and the great causes arose, and the end of Kangxi's life has not been resolved. The courtiers had to choose between the emperor and the crown prince. In this protracted struggle, the princes' groups expressed their political opinions and interfered in the government's affairs, involving a wide range of areas. One group after another collapsed in the struggle, and batch after batch of princes and ministers of the Manchu and Han dynasties were purged, which brought serious consequences to the political situation in the late Kangxi period.
* It is the nature of imperial power, and it is not allowed to be touched by others, and father and brother are no exception. Tang Taizong's throne was taken from his brother. On the eve of the reign of Sadakan, there was a flickering sword and sword.
The essence of succession to the throne is the redistribution of imperial power. On this issue, Emperor Kangxi and the princes are not only father and son, but also monarch and minister. Once the prince is made the crown prince and becomes the heir to the throne, sooner or later the relationship between the brothers will be transformed into the relationship between the monarch and the minister.
The struggle for the throne also involved Yinzhen, the fourth son of the emperor, which had a profound impact on his thoughts, endowed him with rich experience in political struggle, and finally gained the supreme ruling power in the struggle. Whether it was designated by Kangxi or usurped by Yinzhen, the crown finally fell on his head.
At the beginning of Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he was faced with a series of thorny problems left by Kangxi, and whether these problems could be properly solved was related to whether the Qing Dynasty could maintain long-term stability. Emperor Yongzheng, who was forty-five years old at the time of his accession to the throne, was shrewd and submerged, strict and ruthless, and had a vigorous and resolute style. He reigned for only thirteen years, but he solved a series of problems left over from the previous dynasty, thus reversing the situation of many shortcomings in the late Kangxi period and laying the foundation for the extension of the prosperous Kangqian era.
During the century-long period from Nurhachi to Xuanye, the Qing rulers were never able to reasonably resolve the issue of succession to the throne. In his later years, Kangxi conscientiously summed up historical experience and began to draw up a secret plan for building reserves, but this initiative ended in failure. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he inherited his father's unfinished business, announced to the courtiers the decision to secretly build a prince in the first year of Yongzheng, and secretly designated the name of the prince "personally written and sealed, hidden in the box, and placed in the middle of the Qianqing Palace. In addition, "another book was sealed in a box, and it was always carried with him."
Emperor Yongzheng perfected his father's secret plan to build a reserve and successfully implemented it, which had the effect of strengthening imperial power and stabilizing the political situation, but he did not establish it as a system. The secret establishment of the reserve system still needs to be continued by Emperor Qianlong.
1735 The thirteenth year of Yongzheng is the third time node.
On August 20, when Emperor Yongzheng was handling government affairs in the Old Summer Palace, he occasionally felt unwell, but he did not pay attention to it. Sick the next day, but without rest. Late at night on the 22nd, his condition suddenly worsened, so he urgently summoned Baoqing Wang Hongli, Prince He Hongday, Prince Zhuang Yunlu, Prince Li Yunli, as well as university scholars Ertai, Zhang Tingyu and others, and announced that they were in Hongli.
On August 23, Emperor Yongzheng died at the age of 58.
Zhang Tingyu wrote in his self-written chronology: "On August 20, the Holy Bow occasionally violated the peace, and it was as usual to listen to the government. Tingyu came in every day, and there was no time. On the 22nd, the two will be leaked, Fang went to bed, suddenly heard the edict was very urgent, quickly got up and dressed up, tended to the Old Summer Palace, the three or four generations of the inner servants stayed at the southwest gate of the garden, led to the dormitory, began to know that the disease was gradual, frightened, Prince Zhuang, Prince Guo, the university scholar Ortai, Gong Fengsheng, Naqin, and the Minister of the Interior Haiwang arrived successively, and asked for peace in front of the royal couch. Out, waiting at the bottom of the stairs. The imperial physician took medicine and did not work, and on the twenty-third day, the dragon was in charge. ”
After the death of Emperor Yongzheng, Hongli, Yunli, Ortai, and Zhang Tingyu sent their bodies back to Da Nei overnight and placed them in the Qianqing Palace.
Ortai and Zhang Tingyu said to Yunlu and Yunli: The Holy One "Because of the great event of succession, he personally wrote a secret decree, and he showed the two of us, and there is no other person who knows." This purpose is collected in the palace, and the emergency is invited out to be orthodox. ”
The chief eunuch took out a yellow seal letter, which contained Zhu Bi's personal book to pass on the Hongli edict. Subsequently, Zhang Tingyu read out the edict of succession under the lamp, and Hongli knelt down to accept the order, announcing: "In accordance with the will of the emperor's examination, Prince Zhuang, Prince Guo, University Scholar Ortai, and Zhang Tingyu will assist the government." ”
On August 24, Hongli issued several edicts. One of the edicts to the Minister of Foreign Affairs said: "I am entrusted by the imperial examination, and all the unfinished business of the imperial examination should be respectfully followed by me today".He also said: "All the kings and ministers are deeply gracious", "Each should do his best, and he should not be able to catch it."
There is also an edict to the Prime Minister, Prince Zhuang and others, the content of which is that Ortai and Zhang Tingyu "two ministers deserve to enjoy the Taimiao". For the officials of the imperial court, this is even a supreme honor.
On August 25, Hongli issued an edict saying that the political affairs of the state are of great importance, and legends should not be carried out in vain. The Queen Mother is merciful, caressing and bowing, if you know, how can you not tell it?But there are many legends in the market. In the future, all those who spread rumors from outside the world and spread the word to the court for no reason will be guilty of betraying the Fa and finding out that the Fa-rectification will be carried out.
At dawn on the third day of the ninth lunar month, Hongli first wore plain clothes to his father's Zi Palace to perform nine bows, and then changed his dress, and sent the Empress Dowager to Yongshou Palace, where he also bowed nine times.
Then, Hongli went to the Zhonghe Hall to be worshiped by the ministers and deacons, and then to the Taihe Palace, that is, the emperor's throne, and was worshiped by the princes and civil and military officials, and issued an edict to the world, with next year as the first year of Qianlong.
Hongli inherited the throne, did not experience the thrilling struggle of the ancestor and the father, and did not have a violent political turmoil. Most of the ten brothers are no longer alive, and there are only two younger brothers alive when they succeed to the throne, one is the fifth brother Hongday, and the other is the tenth brother Hongzhan. The former was the same age as him, and the latter was only two years old.
During the reign of Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty was at its peak. During his reign of more than 60 years, the economy was prosperous, the treasury was abundant, the society was stable, and the number of household registrations increased dramatically. In the six years of Qianlong, the population of the whole country reached 140 million;In the 60th year of Qianlong, it was close to 300 million. Before Qianlong, China could produce at most food to feed more than 100 million people. By the end of Qianlong's life, it had been able to produce grain to feed nearly 300 million people.
From a political point of view, the Qing Dynasty inherited the traditional monarchical system. The Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties all paid great attention to learning the lessons of the previous dynasties and adopted a series of measures in an effort to control the disadvantages of the first rule to a minimum. Therefore, there is a Qing generation, and there is no dictatorship of relatives, eunuchs, and prime ministers. For a time, the situation of separating the feudal towns was corrected. The Empress Dowager's abuse of power only happened to the Empress Dowager Cixi, and it was not as serious as the Han and Tang dynasties.
Only the partisan rivalry was extremely fierce in the early stage. During the Kangyong period, the princes set up their own doors around the issue of succession to the throne, and fought endlessly for a long time, causing social turmoil. During the reign of Qianlong, the dust of the dispute between friends and the prince also disappeared.
During the reign of Qianlong, the situation of great unification was consolidated, and the territory of Great China was laid. The Qing Dynasty's politics, economy, military, and culture surpassed all dynasties, including the Han and Tang dynasties, and reached unprecedented heights, which can be described as the peak of the three heydays of traditional China.
1796 The first year of Jiaqing is the fourth time node.
On the first day of the first month of the year, Emperor Qianlong's Imperial Taihe Hall awarded the emperor's treasure to Yan Yan and officially abdicated. Honglu Temple** went to the Tiananmen Gate Tower and read out the edict of the Emperor Taishang.
In 1772, Qianlong announced to the princes for the first time that he would return to power at the age of eighty-six. In the winter of the following year, "the handwritten letter should be in the name of the prince, and it should be kept secret and hidden." When the southern suburbs were worshipped that year, it was announced: "To the 60th year of Qianlong, he will be 5 out of 80 in his life, that is, he will be the prince and return to politics and retire." ”
On the third day of the ninth month of the 60th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong summoned all the princes, grandsons and princes and ministers, and announced that the fifteenth son of the emperor Yongyan was the crown prince, and the next year it will be changed to Jiaqing, and Yongyan will be renamed Yanyan. In October, it was announced that next year's succession ceremony would be related to the ceremony, and it was decided to issue an edict on the throne at that time. The new emperor is called the heir emperor. Living note: The two emperors were separately compiled.
In the late Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty went through its heyday and gradually declined. In the year of abdication, the White Lotus Rebellion broke out. The propagation of the White Lotus Sect's Mixed Yuan Sect played an organizational role, hence the name. Hundreds of thousands of peasants took part in the uprising, which persisted in the struggle for nine years in the five provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Henan.
Since then, the Qing Dynasty has entered an era of war and turmoil. Secret religious organizations in the north have repeatedly launched armed struggles, and in the south, there have been endless uprisings of the Hui Party. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were exhausted by the loss of one or the other. This turbulent situation reached its climax in 1851 when the Taiping Rebellion broke out.
The Wang Lun Uprising that broke out in the 39th year of Qianlong broke the situation of nearly a century without war in the Central Plains. This uprising, which took place in the heart of Qing rule, was a significant sign of the Qing dynasty's rise and fall. Taking the Wang Lun uprising as an opportunity, it opened the prelude to the peasant uprising in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. After the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty ruled relatively stable, and there was not a single large-scale peasant uprising in the whole country, except for an uprising in Taiwan that occupied the whole of Taiwan for a time.
Qianlong reigned for 60 years, from the perspective of governance, the early period followed Kangxi's lenient government, after the middle of the tending to be severe, in the late period, limited by age and energy, it was inevitable to be arrogant, neglect political affairs, and hand over the power to the favored minister and Shen. During the Qianlong period, this person was the head of the Ministry of Guards and the Minister of Military Aircraft, and presided over the government for more than 20 years. During this period, he planted the party for personal gain, recruited power and accepted bribes, but Qianlong trusted him and relied on his position to be extremely authoritarian. The decadent and evil atmosphere that pervades the ** arises from this, so that political discipline is abolished and the government is corrupted. In this sense, the Qianlong Dynasty was not only the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, but also the turning period of the Qing Dynasty's rule from prosperity to decline. The former majesty of the Qing Empire can no longer be reproduced.
1840 The 20th year of Daoguang is the fifth time node.
This year was the year of the beginning of the Sino-British Opium War. According to the British cabinet's decision to send troops to China, Yilu led 16 LinkedIn ships and more than 4,000 soldiers to the sea of Guangdong, China, in June, opening the prelude to the Opium War.
This war was due to the fact that opium ** was banned by the Chinese side, hence the name. The Opium War lasted more than two years and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain. After the war, the Qing court did not mention the ban on smoking, and allowed it to be sold freely. The ban was lifted during the Xianfeng period. Since then, China's closed door has been broken by foreign warships, China's territory has been cut off, and its sovereignty and integrity have been undermined.
The war also broke China's isolation from the tide of world history. It indicates that different systems and different civilizations are bound to collide violently and even clash with each other. The outcome of this war shows that ancient China has lagged far behind the rising Western countries, and it must rush to catch up, understand foreign countries, and strive for reform. Unfortunately, this trend was not yet recognized by the Chinese at that time.
After the Opium War, China fell into a dark situation of internal and external troubles, and the Chinese people experienced the deep suffering of frequent wars, broken mountains and rivers, and poor livelihoods. For the sake of national rejuvenation, countless people with lofty ideals have been indomitable, one after another, carrying out singing and weeping struggles, and making all kinds of attempts, but in the end they have not been able to change the social nature of old China and the tragic fate of the Chinese people.
The year 1900 and the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu are the sixth time node.
In this year, Britain, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Austria provoked a large-scale war of invasion of China. On 20 July, the Eight-Nation Coalition captured Beijing. The next day, the Empress Dowager Cixi fled in a hurry with Emperor Guangxu and went to Xi'an. The Eight-Nation Coalition Army divided its troops into four directions, occupied Shanhaiguan, Zhangjiakou, Baoding, Jingcheng and other places, and looted and burned residential shops in the Beijing-Tianjin area. The bank deposit in the household department was washed out. The cultural relics and antiques of the Summer Palace were looted away. The capital was once again trampled on and ravaged by foreign invading forces.
The following year, the Qing Plenipotentiary and representatives of Britain, the United States, Russia, Germany, Japan, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and Belgium signed the Treaty of Xincho in Beijing.
This treaty is the culmination of unequal treaties. The number of reparations and the harshness of the conditions stipulated in the treaty are unprecedented. This treaty is a big blackmail against the Chinese people. The treaty stipulates that China will pay 450 million taels of compensation to other countries, which is more than the sum of all China's foreign reparations since 1840.
This treaty stipulated that the Dagu Fort should be demolished, an embassy area would be set up in Beijing, and Chinese would not be allowed to live within the boundariesIt is also stipulated that in addition to the garrison of troops in the embassy area, 12 foreign teams will be stationed along the line from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
This treaty demanded that the Qing Dynasty forever prohibit its citizens from joining xenophobic groups, and that all violators should be put to death, and that the "Prime Minister's National Affairs Yamen" be changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and that "the class should be before the ministries", thus degenerating China into a semi-colony jointly administered by the great powers, and also making the Qing Dynasty completely lose its independent status and become a tool in the hands of imperialism.