Credit business is the main business of China's banks at present, and the Agricultural Development Bank, as a national agricultural policy bank, is no exception. Due to the particularity of the bank's credit business objects and business methods, it is determined that its operation is high-risk. Especially after the international economic recession and the slowdown of China's economic growth, the risks from the loan objects, society and the internal management of banks have become more complex and diversified, and strengthening credit risk management and prevention has always been the top priority of the operation and management of the Agricultural Development Bank.
1. The main problems existing in the current credit risk management.
(1) Credit moral hazard. Moral hazard refers to the risk that arises due to an individual's morality. The credit moral hazard of the Agricultural Development Bank is mainly the risk that is subjectively and deliberately formed by credit workers who violate credit norms due to their low personal moral cultivation or unclear non-standards. It is mainly manifested in the following two aspects:The first is at the stage of acceptance, investigation and evaluation. The loan officer does not accept loan applications in accordance with regulations, and does not strictly implement the requirements of loan access conditions and restrictive conditions. When reviewing the loan application materials, they do not carefully review them, or even help the loan customers to deceive, artificially ignore the integrity, legitimacy, standardization, authenticity and validity of the materials, exaggerate the customer's business performance when writing the investigation report, conceal the true facts, and only reflect the borrower's compliance information, and mention less of the borrower's risks, or even subjectively avoid the main risk points. Decision-makers only analyze and make decisions based on the information provided by investigators, but cannot grasp the risk information of borrowers, so it is difficult to fully grasp, objectively evaluate and effectively control the loan risks when the loan is approved and disbursed, resulting in the possibility of losses in the credit project from the beginning. The second is the post-loan management stage. After the loan is issued, the post-loan inspection of the loan officer is a mere formality, ignoring the tracking and understanding of the changes in the borrower's post-loan business situation, failing to conduct in-depth research and analysis of the progress of the loan project, and lacking an understanding of the business risk, so that it is difficult to discover and effectively dispose of the risk in a timely manner, resulting in the loan being unable to be recovered on time and forming a non-performing loan.
In addition, moral hazard also objectively exists on the borrower's side. It is mainly manifested in the fact that the legal representatives, major shareholders and important managers of the enterprise do not pay attention to integrity, maliciously defraud loans, evade funds, transfer funds, etc. The loan risk of our bank's Jinyu grain purchase and sale *** is such an example. The reasons for the above problems are mainly related to the low quality of the relevant personnel, as well as the contradictions between business owners and managers, and the bad habits of the relevant personnel.
(2) Credit operation risk. The operational risks of the credit business of the county branch are mainly manifested in the following aspects:First, supervision is not effective and responsibility is not in place. In order to strengthen the implementation of various rules and regulations, the ADB and relevant external regulatory agencies have organized a large number of on-site inspections. However, this kind of inspection is mostly a top-down movement, a case-by-case special inspection, rather than an internal and institutionalized inspection, because this kind of inspection can not find the cause from the system and rectify it, and there is a lack of continuous follow-up responsibility identification and accountability mechanism, and the phenomenon of repeated investigation and repeated offense of many problems is difficult to fundamentally eliminate. Second, the implementation of the key post restraint system is weak. Although some key positions are clearly defined in the advance system, the implementation of these systems is not smooth, and in many cases the implementation of these systems is greatly compromised by reasons and excuses of one kind or another. From the current point of view, a careful analysis of each non-performing loan mainly includes the risk of pre-loan investigation, the legal risk in the process of contract signing, the risk of mortgage guarantee, the risk in the use of the loan, the legal obstacle in the process of liquidation, the risk in repayment, the risk of disposal, and so on. From the analysis of the whole process of inspection, distribution and management, more than half of them are caused by moral factors, and the other is mainly operational risks. Third, information asymmetry leads to lagging risk control. The information asymmetry between the ADBC and the commercial banks is still serious, and borrowers often take advantage of this poor information communication to obtain credit far exceeding their own debt-bearing capacity in many banks, resulting in various banks competing by relaxing the guarantee conditions and other means, which is not conducive to the competitive environment of the credit market and increases the disposal of banks' operational risks. There is also a serious problem of asymmetry in the internal information of the Agricultural Development Bank itself. At present, the credit monitoring work is not systematic and comprehensive enough, and various monitoring methods and objects are relatively independent, focusing only on key monitoring, and there is less comprehensive monitoring, so that there may be blind spots and blind spots in monitoring, and some risks cannot be discovered and revealed in time.
(3) Credit system risk. The defects of the credit system of the county branch are mainly manifested in the following aspects:The risk identification system is flawed. First, the means of judging the customer's loan risk are relatively simple, usually relying only on the accounting statements, account information and credit information provided by the customer, and due to a variety of reasons, enterprises usually provide false accounting statements to the bank to mislead the bank, resulting in the bank being unable to grasp the customer's true business and financial status, and the loan is at a high risk from the date of acceptance and review. Second, there is a lack of industry research and customer case analysis. There is a lack of comprehensive consideration on how to scientifically match and rationally use credit assets to minimize asset risks. In the long run, the high concentration of loan investment will cause unpredictable systemic risks to the lending bank and even the entire banking industry in the event of a loan loss. Credit risk monitoring is flawed. First, there is information asymmetry. On the one hand, there is information asymmetry between the upper and lower levels of the bank. From the perspective of the bank's internal system, the head office and the branch in the credit management due to the entrustment-* problem of information asymmetry, the superior bank will collect the loan authority, the lower bank in the process of loan review and credit management lack of enthusiasm, will not invest more costs in the risk control of loans, the credit officer is afraid of the loan responsibility lifelong system and unwilling to take responsibility and choose the strategy of "reluctant to lend". On the other hand, there is asymmetry of information between banks and enterprises. From the perspective of banks and enterprises, bank loans are mainly based on the comprehensive information and financial accounting information provided by customers to identify and identify loan risks, and due to the different amount and content of information they have and are willing to disclose, it is easy to affect the issuance of loans and risk prevention, so as to bypass the constraints of the relevant banking systems. Second, the monitoring system is not perfect. The ADBC has not established a strong information feedback system for loan customers, has not been able to conduct regular follow-up inspections of each loan customer, has not been able to accurately grasp the use of loans and the operating efficiency of enterprises, has not carried out differential management of loans with different risk levels, has not focused on post-loan management, and has insufficient resource allocation and waste.
2. Credit risk management and preventive measures.
Credit asset quality is the lifeblood of a bank. Guarding against credit risks and improving the quality of loans is an important guarantee for the steady operation and steady development of the ADB, and it is also the goal that it is striving for. The implementation of credit risk prevention and management is a systematic project, involving many aspects such as basic work, management level, and staff quality. We should strengthen the prevention of credit risk from the aspects of moral hazard and operational risk
(1) Strengthen employee education and prevent moral hazards. To prevent credit risks, we must first build a strong ideological line of defense for credit officers. Only with a strong sense of professionalism, responsibility and self-discipline can credit officers lead their own behavior in credit activities and consciously avoid and prevent credit risks. To prevent moral hazard, it is necessary to strengthen the education of loan officers in the "three aspects". The first is professional ethics education. Good professional ethics is the guarantee of doing a good job in any position, and it is especially important for credit officers. It is necessary to educate and guide credit personnel from six aspects: being familiar with the business, taking into account the overall situation, acting impartially, abiding by credit, being loyal to their duties, and being honest and honest, and consciously integrate these professional ethics into credit management work and run through all aspects of the loan operation process. The second is law-abiding education. Focus on Xi types, constituent elements, penalties and sentencing of financial violations and crimes, so that credit officers can understand which credit behaviors are illegal and criminal, and what kind of punishment they will receive if they violate them, so as to achieve the goal of not crossing the "thunder pool". Strengthen case warning education, through organizing credit officers to learn Xi case reports from superiors, holding legal education and training courses, analyzing the root causes of cases, counting the harm of crimes, and reflecting on their own problems, continuously enhance credit officers' awareness of law-abiding compliance, consciously avoid and resist unclean credit and illegal behavior, and prevent moral hazard. Strictly investigate loan violations of discipline and law, and promptly discover and deal with credit violations, violations of discipline and law by taking measures such as making public commitments to the public, setting up whistleblowing, establishing a loan return visit system, and increasing the frequency of credit inspection and supervision. For those who violate rules and disciplines, they shall be given disciplinary sanctions such as recovering the loan within a time limit, returning the illegal income, financial penalties, and warnings up to dismissal;Fraud and other illegal acts shall be resolutely handed over to the judicial organs for handling. The third is dedication education. Love and dedication is a prerequisite for doing a good job, employees only love and dedication, will stimulate the enthusiasm and motivation of the work, will actively act and pursue the perfection of the work, and the personal behavior and the goal of the unit consistent. Therefore, it is necessary to put the cultivation of credit officers' sense of dedication and dedication in a prominent position in the construction of corporate culture, and actively carry out activities such as theory and "industry image, post model", and guide and motivate people with positive models. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen institutional restraint and accountability, use negative teaching materials to warn and warn people, so that credit personnel can consciously calculate political, economic, reputational, and family accounts, and always adhere to the moral and legal defense lines in credit management activities.
(2) Improve the quality of employees and prevent operational risks. Build a people-oriented project and improve the loan responsibility system. People are the most active and decisive factor in productivity, and the importance of talent is obvious in credit business and management. In the management of credit risks, it is necessary to give full play to the subjective initiative of all credit personnel, effectively enhance risk awareness, and guard against credit risks. First, it is necessary to meet certain standards for professionals entering credit positions, and loan officers must generally have the qualities of integrity, practicality and prudenceSecond, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultivation of credit talents, not only to do a good job in the study and Xi of basic theoretical knowledge and business skills, but also to pay more attention to the training and exercise of legal litigation knowledge and mental skillsThird, it is necessary to implement the mentoring and mentoring system through the old to lead the new, so that every credit officer has the ability to identify, grasp and prevent risksFourth, it is necessary to implement rewards and punishments for lazy evaluation, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of credit personnel, give spiritual and material rewards to those with outstanding performance, and punish those with poor performanceFifth, it is necessary to implement the credit accountability system, in accordance with the provisions of the "basic credit system", implement the president (manager) responsibility system, and at the same time clarify the credit job responsibility system, where the loan causes losses, the relevant responsible persons should have a certain amount of economic punishment, increase the implementation of the loan accountability system, and prevent the phenomenon of "kicking the ball".
(3) Strengthen credit management and optimize the loan structure. First, it is necessary to scientifically evaluate the credit rating of customers. Through credit rating, the focus of credit risk prevention is changed from post-engagement supervision to ex-ante prevention, and potential customers are measured by the standard of risk classification, so as to optimize customer selection. Second, it is necessary to apply the principle of credit portfolio to diversify loan risks. Through the object risk rating portfolio, industry category portfolio, business variety portfolio, business return rate and maturity portfolio of the credit business, we can prevent and diversify the concentration risk of the credit business in a certain customer, a certain industry or a certain product, and avoid the risks of the socio-economic environment and cycle as much as possible. At the same time, according to the changes in the market and customer operations, capital flows, etc., the customer credit line will be adjusted in a timely manner, so as to maintain the unity of loan security, liquidity and efficiency. Third, it is necessary to pay attention to the collection and analysis of personal integrity information of major shareholders and major business managers, and prevent personal moral hazards. Strengthen contact and cooperation with taxation, customs and judicial departments, and inquire about tax information and litigation information of shareholders and business managers through multiple channelsIt is necessary to introduce and make good use of the personal credit reporting system, strengthen inter-industry cooperation and information sharing, and inquire whether there are bad records and bad credit deeds such as credit defaults.
(4) Establish a risk early warning mechanism to promote the quality of the threshold forward. It is necessary to actively use modern scientific and technological means to analyze the best risks and put forward preventive measures through the comprehensive processing and processing of credit information. The first is to organize credit personnel to carry out market and industry surveys on a regular basis to determine the development prospects and loan risk levels of enterprises, and formulate corresponding inspection systems and preventive measures for enterprises in different industries and products. In the regular investigation carried out by the loan officer, it is necessary not only to pay attention to the borrower's operating efficiency, but also to pay more attention to its cash flow, but also to understand and grasp the non-financial factors, credit support and other conditions for ** and analysis, on this basis to make a loan risk assessment;The second is to make full use of the CM2006 system, the credit risk early warning system and the credit inquiry system of the People's Bank of China to understand the financing situation, interest payment, corporate memorabilia, financial status and other information of the borrower in all commercial banks, analyze the business trend of the borrower in the next stage, and take effective countermeasures to prevent and resolve the loan security in a timely mannerThird, our bank should maintain close contact with relevant departments such as courts, industry and commerce, taxation, and economic commissions, grasp the relevant information of borrowing enterprises in a timely manner, give full play to the role of information feedback, grasp the key points and breakthroughs, and take the initiative to transfer and avoid risks.
In short, for credit risk prevention and management, adhering to prudent operation is the premise, building a people-oriented system is the guarantee, clarifying the business market positioning is the direction, adjusting the credit asset structure is the means, achieving the unified combination of safety, liquidity and efficiency, and transferring and avoiding credit risk is the goal. (Zhang Ran).