This article**: People**Overseas Edition.
In November 2023, the Hongze Ancient Irrigation District, located in Jiangsu Province, China, was inscribed on the 10th World Heritage List of Irrigation Projects.
The millennium irrigation area moistens the Jianghuai
Reporter Yin Xiaoyu.
People** Overseas Edition (December 27, 2023 Edition 09).
Started in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was also raised.
The old name of Hongze Lake was "Po Kettle Pond". In the fourth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (199 AD), Chen Deng repaired the kettle pond to irrigate farmland, and the Hongze ancient irrigation area was launched at this time. In the fifth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (200 AD), Chen Deng built the Hanhuai Weir, also known as "Gaojiayan", which laid the foundation of the Hongze Lake embankment and was the beginning of the construction of the canal head project in the ancient irrigation area of Hongze.
In the second year of the beginning of the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty (241 AD), Deng Ai opened Tuntian in the middle and lower reaches of the Huai River. According to the record of "Taiping Huanyu Ji", "Baishuipi is eighty-five miles west of the county, and Deng Ai is connected to the broken kettle pond in Xuyi County, opening eight water gates, and setting up 12,000 hectares of irrigated fields. Since then, the Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area has entered a period of using Baishui Pond as the main irrigation water source. In the Tang Dynasty, the area of Baishui Pond expanded, and five trunk canals were opened under the water gate to convey water for irrigation, namely Qingzhoujing, Xuzhoujing, Dafujing, Zhuzijing and Tanglijing.
After the Yellow River seized the Huai River, it seriously impacted the flood outlet of the lower reaches of the Huai River, and affected the safe operation of the Grand Canal, the lifeblood of Cao Yun. In order to solve the problem of water transportation and flood control, on the basis of Gaojiayan, the Ming and Qing dynasties have heightened, thickened and extended the embankment of Hongze Lake many times, and Hongze Lake has been continuously expanded, submerging the broken kettle pond and the white water pond until now. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, sluices and dams and culverts were built on the embankment to discharge water, and the water conveyance channel during the Baishuitang period was connected to the bottom. The irrigation and drainage of the water conveyance river is used at the same time, and the water is diverted for irrigation by building dams on the river channel to store and discharge water, and the sluice culvert is built on the river embankment to divert water for irrigation.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area entered a new period of comprehensive utilization. In order to remediate the Huaihe River Basin and make full use of Hongze Lake, the comprehensive development and utilization of Hongze Lake should be carried out with the principle of "storage and discharge". Strengthen the embankment of Hongze Lake, build the Sanhe Gate, Gaoliangjian Gate, Erhe Gate, Zhouqiao Cave, Hongjin Cave and other water discharge and diversion projects, excavate the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu, Huaishu New River and other water conveyance projects, and build the Huaihe River waterway and the Huaihe River waterway. Through these projects, the irrigation and flood control and storage capacity of Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area has been greatly improved, and a new irrigation and drainage system has been formed, which has produced huge comprehensive benefits such as irrigation, flood control, water supply and aquaculture.
Engineering technology is a number of leading.
Chen Jing, a professor at the College of Agricultural Science and Engineering of Hohai University, said that as a water source project in the ancient irrigation area of Hongze, Hongze Lake has a large water storage scale, high engineering technology and long history, which is rare in the world. More than 2.7 million pieces of jack stones are used in the masonry wall of Hongze Lake embankment, and the storage capacity of Hongze Lake in the Ming Dynasty is more than 1 billion cubic meters. The upright strip masonry wall of the embankment, the wave prevention of the open slope, the flood discharge of the sluice and dam, and the anti-scouring of the three-way soil are major inventions and creations in ancient times, and they are outstanding representatives of the reservoir-type irrigation heritage.
The Hongze Lake Embankment, Zhouqiao Pond, and Gaoliangjian section masonry wall in the Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area Project Site are still playing a role today. These ruins provide a glimpse of the level of engineering at that time.
The structural design of the masonry wall of Hongze Lake embankment is very ingenious, and it is generally composed of a wall, a brick cabinet and a pile foundation. The brick cabinet is made of river bricks after being close to the stone wall, with the purpose of alleviating the contradiction between the soil and stone in the nature of engineering materials. Due to the great difference in mechanical properties such as compression and deformation of soil and stone, and the "brick is not strong", the stiffness is between soil and stone, forming a typical "elastic-mode transition zone" in modern civil science, which was pioneering and leading at that time.
The triple soil layer is generally attached to the back of the brick cabinet, forming a trapezoidal section with a large and small bottom, and it is buried deeply. The lake water that enters the earthen embankment through the stone wall is easy to erode the soil layer, and the soaked earthen embankment is easy to loosen, because the three-layer soil is a mixture of clay and lime and glutinous rice juice, so in the design of the masonry wall, the three-layer soil is used behind the brick cabinet, and the rammed earth is dense and firm, which has a good effect on the seepage prevention of the embankment. The thickness of the masonry wall is only two layers, the front is facing water or the air, and the back is retaining, and the stress state is complex, which is easy to lead to the deformation of the foundation and cause the wall to topple. To solve this problem, the masonry wall uses a special pile foundation technology.
In the early days, the Hongze Lake embankment was dominated by earth dams, and with the gradual expansion of the lake, the problem of wave protection was particularly prominent. In the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1578 AD), he did "pile work" in the section of Gaojiayan with a large water depth, also known as "fence work", to prevent waves. Jin Fu of the Qing Dynasty creatively built a tan slope for the Hongze Lake embankment to prevent waves.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the water storage project in the irrigation area was the key to ensuring the transportation of water, and was highly valued by the imperial court. In order to ensure the construction quality and effective operation of water storage projects, a complete project construction and operation management system has been formed, such as the "industrial and transportation" system with clear responsibilities, the embankment management system of "combining civil and military affairs" and "combining government and civilian use", and strict standards for opening and opening sluices and dams. These systems have effectively guaranteed the construction quality and normal operation of the Hongze Lake embankment, and many of them are still used in the management of modern water conservancy projects.
On the existing embankment masonry wall, there are many relics of "work delivery", such as the stone carving record of "Gaoyan Di Shibao, that is, the branch office undertakes, and the section foreman is in June of the year of Daoguang Shi, which clarifies the main body of construction, construction location, construction length and time. And at both ends of this masonry, there are the words "foreman", "tail" and "gongjiao".
The relics are rich and the ecology is improving.
In addition to the ruins, there are also non-engineering heritages such as iron oxen, inscriptions, stone carvings, and water control classics, as well as the cultural customs formed. There are more than 300 stone carvings of various Ming and Qing dynasties carved on the embankment of Hongze Lake.
As the saying goes, "draught by water". The fishing industry around Hongze Lake was once thriving. Since October 10, 2020, fishing operations have been stopped in the waters under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province in Hongze Lake. After the renovation of catering boats and household boats, the ban on fishing and the return of fishing, the return of the flat to the lake, and the ecological restoration, the water quality of the river channel and the lake body of Hongze Lake has generally stabilized and improved.
Relying on the Hongze Lake embankment, the Sanhezha National Water Conservancy Scenic Area, the Hongze Lake Ancient Weir Scenic Area, the Hongze Lake Hongjin Cave Water Conservancy Scenic Area, and the Gaoliangjian Gate Water Conservancy Scenic Area have become important local tourism resources. For example, the Sanhezha National Water Conservancy Scenic Area includes water conservancy scenic resources such as the Hongze Lake embankment, the first gate of the Huaihe River, and the Sanhe Gate. The area of the scenic spot is about 800 hectares, there is a national ecological public welfare forest in the scenic area, the forest and grass coverage rate is 100%, more than 100 varieties of forest plants such as metasequoia, maple poplar, weeping willow and so on are planted, and a natural plant science garden has been built, forming the landscape effect of "peach and plum in spring, willow and lotus in summer, osmanthus in autumn, red plum in warm winter".
Xu Jian, deputy director of the Hongze District Water Conservancy Bureau, said that in order to rationally develop and utilize the tourism resources of the irrigation area and realize the unity of the management, protection and development and utilization of the irrigation area, the exhibition hall of the irrigation area will be built in the future, the value research of the heritage will be strengthened, the capital investment model will be innovated, and the "Regulations on the Protection of the Water Conservancy Engineering Heritage of the Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area" will be formulated to further clarify the management and protection of the relevant water conservancy engineering heritage in the Hongze Ancient Irrigation Area.
Further reading: Hongze Ancient Irrigation District is located in Hongze District, Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, on the east side of Hongze Lake in China. The irrigation area is bordered by the Hongze Lake embankment in the west, Baima Lake in the east, the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu in the north, and the Huaihe River in the south. The current situation of the irrigation area is 48130,000 acres.
Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ancients diverted water here for irrigation and farming, and built water conservancy facilities in successive dynasties. The irrigation area continues to this day and has become an important grain-producing area in the Jianghuai Plain. In recent years, the annual grain output in the Hongze ancient irrigation area has stabilized at about 1 billion catties.