In 228 AD, Zhuge Liang made his first northern expedition to the Central Plains and won the first battle, but he fell short under Ma Tan's misstep. In the winter, after learning that Cao Xiu was defeated at Shiting, Zhuge Liang followed him to launch the second Northern Expedition. However, he led tens of thousands of troops but failed to capture the small city of Chencang, which was guarded by a thousand people. What is the strategy and strategy behind this failure?
First, Chen Cang's solid defense.
Chen Cang, guarded by Hao Zhao, Cao Zhen predicted that Zhuge Liang would definitely attack this place again and strengthened the city defenses. Build the city to make it stronger and lay the foundation for resisting Zhuge Liang's attack. Unlike Cao Zhen, the straw bale described in literary works, he is actually an opponent who gives Zhuge Liang a headache. The city of Chencang was strong, providing strong support for the Wei army to resist the Shu army.
2. The ingenious strategy of the strategist.
At the beginning of the siege, Zhuge Liang sent a villager Jin Shen to persuade him to surrender outside the city, but Hao Zhao declared that he would rather die than surrender. Considering Chen Cang's experience in defending the city, Zhuge Liang did not act rashly, but adopted a variety of siege methods. However, Hao Zhao not only used rockets to destroy the ladder, but also used stone mill ropes to destroy the rushing car, skillfully thwarting the attack of the Shu army. In the face of Zhuge Liang's many attempts, Hao Zhao behaved calmly and calmly, showing an excellent strategy of defending the city.
3. Adequate preparation and the limitations of the Northern Expedition.
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was affected by the dangerous terrain of Shu Han, and he faced difficulties in the supply of grain and grass when he marched. In the early days of the Northern Expedition, due to adequate preparation, the Shu army was able to hold out for a while. However, with the passage of time, the exhaustion of grain and grass became a problem, and the terrain of Chencang was dangerous, easy to defend and difficult to attack, so Zhuge Liang finally decided to withdraw his troops. In addition, the timely support of Cao Wei's army also became a factor that made it difficult for the Shu army to win more than few, so that Zhuge Liang could only make a wise decision to withdraw his troops.
A different harvest from the ending.
Although he failed to capture Chencang, Zhuge Liang successfully killed the pursuing Wei general Wang Shuang during the withdrawal process, and won certain results for the Shu army. However, the failure of the Northern Expedition also taught a profound lesson, which made Zhuge Liang more cautious in the face of future military operations.
Summary. 
The Northern Expedition to the Central Plains was one of Zhuge Liang's actions to inherit Liu Bei's legacy, but in the battle of Chencang, he faced multiple difficulties such as strong city defenses, cunning enemy troops, and dangerous terrain. Zhuge Liang's decisive withdrawal of troops, although it failed to achieve the expected goal, was also a wise move considering many factors. The lessons of the failure of this Northern Expedition provided valuable experience for the later military decision-making of Shu Han, and also showed Zhuge Liang's calmness and decisiveness in the face of difficulties.
The Northern Expedition failed, how did Zhuge Liang turn the tables? The article profoundly analyzes the process and reasons of Zhuge Liang's second northern expedition to the Central Plains in 228 AD, highlighting the interweaving of many factors such as strategy, strategy, experience in defending the city and military strength, forming a rich and colorful historical picture. On this basis, I would like to comment on the views and analysis of the article as follows.
First of all, the article makes an in-depth analysis of the solidity of Chencang's city defense, emphasizes Cao Zhen's prediction and Hao Zhao's experience in defending the city, and explains the reason why Zhuge Liang failed to capture the small city easily. This shows the complexity of the contrast between friend and foe in war, and that defeating the opponent requires not only military strength, but also a full understanding and correct judgment of the enemy. This is still instructive for today's military leaders and strategists, emphasizing the importance of information gathering and analysis.
Secondly, the article vividly describes Hao Zhao's ingenious strategy in defending the city. Through the use of rockets, stone mills and other means, Hao Zhao successfully thwarted Zhuge Liang's multiple attacks, showing the ingenuity of the defenders in the face of strong enemies. This also reflects that in the war, the defender is not only passive defense, but can also respond to the challenge of the enemy army through flexible strategies, which is praised by Hao Zhao in history.
Furthermore, through the discussion of the limitations of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, the article emphasizes the difficulty of grain and grass supply and the importance of the timely support of Cao Wei's army to the battle situation. This reminds us that the outcome of a war depends not only on the balance of force, but also on logistical support and foreign aid. This is of practical significance for thinking about the current international situation and military decision-making, and provides a reference for in-depth thinking about strategy.
Finally, the article emphasizes Zhuge Liang's calmness and decisiveness in the failure of the Northern Expedition and his caution in follow-up decision-making by way of summarizing. This shows the demeanor of a great military commander, and also provides readers with inspiration on how to calmly deal with difficult situations. Learning from failures and constantly learning from experience is a trait common to many successful leaders in history.
On the whole, the article provides an in-depth analysis of historical events, presenting readers with a real and connotative historical picture. The thinking about war and strategy, and the quality of the great generals in history, have a profound display. This not only provides readers with historical knowledge, but also leads people to think about the wisdom between war and peace, success and failure in real life.
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