Talent is the primary resource and the basic and strategic support for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way. In the final analysis, the competition in comprehensive national strength is a competition for qualified personnel. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has deeply implemented the strategy of strengthening the country with talents, the talent team has grown rapidly, the quality of talents has been significantly improved, and the comparative advantages of talents have been steadily enhanced. At present and for a long time to come, China still has the advantage of the total size of the population, especially the continuous improvement of the education level of the whole people, and is in the critical stage of transformation from a demographic dividend to a talent dividend.
Form a competitive talent system.
Talent dividend refers to the economic benefits obtained by the growth of the scale of talents and their full utilization of more than the same amount of simple labor input. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have made a major judgment that talent is a strategic resource to achieve national rejuvenation and win the initiative in international competition, and made a major deployment for all-round training, introduction and use of talents. In 2016, the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Talent Development System and Mechanism" was issued, which is the first comprehensive document on the reform of the talent development system and mechanism in China issued at the first level. Subsequently, the relevant departments of the state and various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities introduced a series of supporting reform policies to break down the institutional and institutional obstacles in the flow, use and role of talents, so that the talent dividend can be continuously released. The 2021 ** Talent Work Conference emphasized "accelerating the construction of the world's important talent center and innovation highland", and formulated a clear roadmap. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the in-depth implementation of the strategy of strengthening the country with talents. A series of active, open and effective talent policies have built a systematic and comprehensive, top-down talent introduction and education policy system, and promoted the formation of an attractive and internationally competitive talent system in China.
Through reform, we will stimulate the innovation and entrepreneurship vitality of scientific and technological talents. The key to whether the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship of scientific and technological talents can be fully released lies in the system and mechanism. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has promoted the construction of a scientific and technological talent policy system with the goal of stimulating the innovation vitality of scientific and technological talents. In terms of the education and training of scientific and technological talents, a series of policies have been promulgated to strengthen the cultivation of talents in basic disciplines and deepen the integration of science and education and the integration of industry and education. For example, in 2017, the General Office of the People's Republic of China issued the "Several Opinions on Deepening the Integration of Industry and Education", emphasizing that the construction of disciplines and specialties should be adapted to industrial transformation and upgrading. In terms of the use and development of scientific and technological talents, a series of policies have been introduced around the reform of the management of scientific and technological plans and the optimization of the organization and implementation of scientific and technological projects, and the implementation of the talent scientific research project funding package system, supporting and encouraging young scientific and technological talents to undertake major scientific and technological tasks, improving the income distribution mechanism, and effectively increasing the income of scientific research personnel. In terms of evaluation and incentive of scientific and technological talents, a series of policies have been introduced to optimize the evaluation mechanism of scientific and technological talents and the optimization of the fund management of scientific and technological projects, deepen the classification and evaluation reform of basic research, applied research and technological development talents, and implement systems such as "unveiling the leader" and "horse racing" for major scientific and technological projects, giving scientific research personnel the ownership or long-term right to use scientific and technological achievements, and stimulating their enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship.
Break down institutional and institutional barriers and promote the smooth and orderly flow of talents. In view of the unreasonable distribution of human resources and the segmentation of urban and rural and regional markets, a series of policy measures have been taken in the same direction, effectively promoting the smooth and orderly flow of talents, and continuously stimulating the vitality of talent innovation, entrepreneurship and creativity. The first is to encourage and guide the flow of talented people to difficult and remote areas and to the frontline of the grassroots level. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education, the Communist Youth League and other departments have promoted projects such as the "Three Branches and One Support" plan, the grassroots growth plan for college graduates, and the plan for college students to volunteer to serve in the western region, so as to guide the flow of all kinds of talents to underdeveloped areas. The second is to deepen regional talent exchange and development cooperation. In order to break down the unreasonable barriers that hinder the cross-regional flow of talents and improve the unified and standardized human resources market system, the integration process of talent development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and other regions has been accelerated, and the talent standard has been unified.
1. Share information and promote mutual recognition of evaluation results. The third is to improve the talent flow service system. In order to solve the problems of insufficient supply of talent flow services and poor flow of information, relevant policies have been introduced to support the development of human resource service industry, and an integrated talent flow service system has been established by compiling a catalogue of urgently needed talents, promoting the reform of the household registration system, and optimizing the policy environment for talent flow.
Continue to increase support for the introduction of overseas high-end talents. In today's world, the competition around the commanding heights of science and technology and high-end talents is becoming increasingly fierce. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has implemented a more active and open talent policy, and gradually transformed from the world's largest talent outflow country to a major talent return country, and is becoming a global talent highland with a high concentration of innovative talents, a high degree of integration of innovation elements, and a high degree of active innovation activities. The first is to improve the facilitation of entry, exit and residence of talents coming to China. For example, in order to facilitate the entry and exit of scientific researchers, the Shenzhen Park of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Co-operation Zone in the Loop has adopted a customs clearance mode of "first-line highly convenient entry and exit" in the early stage, and when the conditions are ripe in the later stage, it will work with Hong Kong to explore the implementation of more convenient entry, exit and stay policies in the customs supervision area of the Shenzhen Park. The second is to facilitate the entrepreneurship and employment of talents. China implements a support plan for overseas students returning to China to start a business, and encourages all localities to explore the establishment of practical Xi bases for young returnees. For example, Hainan Free Port has carried out a pilot reform of international talent service management, and achieved breakthroughs in the introduction and use of international talents, training and evaluation, work and residence, and service guarantees. The third is to relax the conditions for professional talents to practice licenses. China's key open platforms implement a recognition list system for qualified overseas professional qualifications, with 219 recognized by Hainan Free Port, 146 in Nansha and 20 in Qianhai. The Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone innovates the governance model, studies the ways for Hong Kong, Macao and foreign nationals working and residing in the Qianhai Cooperation Zone to participate in the governance of the Qianhai region, and explores allowing eligible Hong Kong, Macao and foreign nationals to serve in statutory bodies in the Qianhai Cooperation Zone. In 2023, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS) will promote the pilot work on the criteria for the recognition of foreign talents in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, and support the further expansion of the scope of recognition of foreign high-end talents (Category A) and foreign professionals (Category B).
Talent advantages are transformed into development advantages.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's talent work has made historic achievements and undergone historic changes, the total number of talents has grown rapidly, the number of high-quality talents has increased significantly, the efficiency of talents has continued to increase, and the level of talent output has been steadily improved.
First, the talent team is growing rapidly. At present, China's party and government, enterprise management, professional technology, high-skilled, rural practical talents and other types of human resources total 2200 million people. The total number of R&D personnel has increased from 3.25 million person-years in 2012 to more than 6 million person-years in 2022, maintaining the world's top position for many years. By the end of 2021, the number of high-skilled talents in the country exceeded 60 million, accounting for 30% of skilled talents. According to the 2023 Global Highly Cited Scientists list released by Clarivate Analytics, in 2023, 2,669 people were selected in the United States, and 1,275 people in Chinese mainland were selected, ranking second in the world. From 2018 to 2023, the number of highly cited researchers in China accounted for 79% to 179%, and the United States accounted for 433% to 375%。The number of leading talents in some fields ranks first in the world, and according to the "2023 Global Digital Technology Development Research - Research Report on the Reserve Strength of Scientific and Technological Talents" by Ali Research Institute, the total number of digital technology talents in China has reached 1280,000 people, or 17% of the global total, is 15 times、8 times of Japan.3 times.
Second, the attraction of international talents has been significantly enhanced. With the gradual improvement of basic research investment mechanism, public services, infrastructure, etc., China's attraction to talents has been continuously enhanced, and the convergence of overseas high-level talents has accelerated. According to the "Global Talent Flow Trends and Development Report (2022)" released by the Globalization Think Tank, China's talent competitiveness index ranks 8th in the world, and the world's talent center is spreading from Europe and the United States to Asia. According to the survey data of the Shanghai Institute of Science, in 2021, the total number of high-level scientists in Beijing ranked first among major cities in the world, and from 2012 to 2021, Beijing and Shanghai increased respectively5%。China has become a major destination for studying abroad, and relevant data show that in 2018, China ranked first in the world.
3. Asia's largest destination for studying in China, which is recognized by most international students.
Third, the level of talent output has been steadily improved. Talent is the foundation of innovation, with the continuous advancement of talent work, the effective play of talent efficiency, for China's scientific and technological innovation to provide strong support, the quantity and quality of talent output to improve simultaneously. According to data released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, China's ranking in the Global Innovation Index has risen from 34th in 2012 to 12th in 2023, and the number of the world's top 100 scientific and technological innovation clusters has jumped to the first place in the world for the first time. According to data from the State Intellectual Property Office, by the end of 2022, the number of invention patents per 10,000 people in China reached 94 cases, the number of PCT international patent applications ranked first in the world for 4 consecutive years;As of September 2023, the number of valid invention patents in China has reached 48050,000 cases, firmly established the status of a major intellectual property country.
Fourth, the talent development environment continues to be optimized. The gradual improvement of the talent policy system has promoted the continuous optimization of the talent development environment. According to the Global Talent Mobility Trends and Development Report (2022), China ranks second in terms of talent environment indicators. In recent years, China's investment in research and experimental development has maintained a rapid growth, creating good conditions for talents to give full play to their own advantages and obtain better development opportunities. In 2022, China's R&D investment will reach 308 trillion yuan, maintaining double-digit growth for 7 consecutive years, and the total investment ranked second in the worldInput intensity from 191% increased to 2. in 202254%, which is more than the average of EU countries. Beijing, Shanghai, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area three major international science and technology innovation centers and the Yangtze River Delta region demonstration and leading role is prominent, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing, Zhejiang and other places have invested more than 200 billion yuan in research and development, Beijing investment intensity of 683%。
China already has a large-scale, high-quality, continuously optimized structure, and increasingly prominent role of the talent team, but the supply of talent and the demand of the industry do not match, the degree of precision of talent policy is not high, and the structural and institutional talent dividend release is not sufficient. Due to the lag in the professional setting of colleges and universities behind the adjustment of industrial structure and changes in market demand, the employment of graduates of some majors has the phenomenon of "involution", and there is a lack of high-end compound talents in the fields of integrated circuits and electronic information. By the end of 2021, the number of high-skilled talents in China accounted for about 8% of the total number of employed persons. According to the statistics of the "Manufacturing Talent Development Planning Guide", by 2025, there will be a talent gap of nearly 30 million people in the ten key areas of the national manufacturing industry. In addition, the problem of talent evaluation only first-class and only professional titles still exists, and the phenomenon of emphasizing quantity over quality, short-term interests over long-term effects has not been eliminated, and the efficiency of talent output is not high. Compared with developed countries, there is still a certain gap in China's industrial ecology and public services, and the ability to attract and retain talents in some emerging industries is still insufficient, and there is still a gap between the competitiveness of top talents and the world-class level.
It is worth noting that at present, various places are in different stages of the transformation from demographic dividend to talent dividend. Affected by factors such as population dispersion, rising cost of living, and industrial transfer, the permanent population of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will decrease in 2022, but the attraction of talents will increase. Among the world's five major science and technology clusters, the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou cluster, the Beijing cluster, and the Shanghai-Suzhou cluster occupy three seats. In recent years, the Northeast region has faced the pressure of continuous population outflow and insufficient talent reserves, the proportion of local employment of 2022 graduates from key universities is not high, the loss of professional and technical personnel in traditional leading industries such as machinery and light industry is more serious, and there is a large gap between high-level talents and practical technical talents in high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises.
The experience of developed countries in reaping the talent dividend.
The world's major developed economies attract foreign talents through employment-based immigration, issuance of residence permits, and preferential treatment, while also building a high-level talent team and fully releasing talent dividends through the development of high-level vocational education and stimulating the innovation vitality of scientific researchers.
Strengthen the introduction of overseas high-end talents. The United States and other developed countries have always attached great importance to the introduction of high-end talents, and strengthened their first-mover advantage to attract high-end talents from around the world, including top scientists, technical talents and entrepreneurial talents in the fields of cutting-edge science and technology and industrial transformation, by simplifying immigration procedures and improving the efficiency of approval. Since the 50s of the 20th century, the United States has continuously revised the immigration law, established a flexible skilled immigration system, granted permanent residency to non-American professionals in the United States, opened up the conversion channel from work residence to permanent residence, and attracted many foreign scientific and technical and professional talents, who have provided important support for the development of the American economy and science and technology. In order to make up for the shortage of high-skilled talents, the EU introduced a blue card system in 2007 to attract skilled talents from all over the world to immigrate to the EU to work.
Vigorously develop high-level vocational education. The developed vocational education system provides a talent guarantee for the development of advanced manufacturing industry in developed countries. The vocational education system varies from country to country, but school-enterprise cooperation is generally emphasized and regulated in the form of law. Germany's "dual system" model is one of the most successful vocational education models in the world, effectively promoting school-enterprise cooperation, forming a modern apprenticeship talent training model with enterprise training as the core and school Xi as the auxiliary, and the enterprise establishes a training system according to market needs to directly deliver a large number of skilled talents for enterprises. In order to improve the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate, Germany has set up a special training alliance and program for small and medium-sized enterprises to reduce the cost of enterprise training. In recent years, major developed countries have attached great importance to the development of manufacturing industry and placed more emphasis on the cultivation of skilled talents. In 2017, the United Kingdom released the "Industrial Strategy: Building a Fit for the Future", proposing to establish a technical education system that is on a par with the higher education system, and plans to invest 1£700 million for the creation of regional technical colleges and the implementation of a new national retraining scheme. In 2018, the United States released the "American Apprenticeship Expansion Mission", and the federal ** attracted enterprises to introduce apprenticeships from both education and qualifications.
Fully stimulate the innovation vitality of scientific researchers. Countries with strong scientific and technological strength generally attach importance to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities and research institutes. Since the 80s of the 20th century, major developed countries have opened up the channel between scientific and technological achievements and industrial development in the form of legislation. For example, the United States promulgated the Bayh-Dole Act, which clarified the ownership of technological achievements obtained by American universities and scientific research institutions with federal funds, and solved the problem that the innovation achievements of universities and research institutes could not be smoothly commercializedThe UK has set up the Science Entrepreneurship Challenge**, Higher Education Innovation**, etc., to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of higher education. Stanford, Oxford and other universities and research institutes have determined the distribution ratio of income from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in the system by means of equity incentives, combining the interests of inventors and enterprises, greatly improving the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements, and giving birth to a number of world-leading emerging industries.
Actively attract domestic talents to return. In the context of globalization, the flow of talents, especially technical talents, has accelerated, and countries have introduced policies to attract overseas talents to return. Germany, France and other countries to attract the return of domestic talents by providing senior positions, setting up incentives, etc., Israel launched the "Excellence Plan", South Korea launched the "Intellectual Return Plan", etc., are all for their overseas talents to attract talent introduction programs, not only for the return of talents to provide good development opportunities, but also for their children's education, family employment to provide security. At the same time, major developed countries pay more attention to providing a good platform for returning talents, continue to increase support for scientific research, infrastructure and the renewal of large-scale laboratory instruments and equipment, and leverage advanced scientific and technological infrastructure and top international scientific research institutions to attract and retain talents.
Accelerate the shaping of talent dividends in the new era.
Human resources are an important force and significant advantage in China's fierce international competition. China has become the world's largest and most complete country in terms of human resources, the total number of R&D personnel ranks first in the world, the demographic dividend still exists, and the new advantages of talent dividend are emerging. High-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, and more attention must be paid to improving the quality and quality of the population, and accelerating the shaping of talent dividends in the new era.
The first is to focus on improving the level of talent supply and demand convergence and releasing structural dividends. Strengthen the connection between supply and demand, improve the utilization rate of talents, take social demand and graduate employment as an important basis for the setting of disciplines and majors in colleges and universities, the adjustment of layout and enrollment and training, and further deepen the connection between schools and enterprises, the integration of industry and education, and school-local cooperation. Promote the development of school-enterprise alliances, establish a linkage mechanism between employment and enrollment training, and cultivate talents urgently needed by the industry through joint research projects, joint design of courses and teaching models, creation of new projects, and the establishment of new colleges. Promote the new education funds in favor of vocational education, and concentrate efforts on building a number of high-level secondary and higher vocational schools. Research and draw a pedigree chart of the connection between industry and education, promote the mutual integration of vocational education, improve the college entrance examination system of vocational education, and steadily develop vocational undergraduate education. Guide and innovate the school-enterprise cooperation mechanism, encourage industry leading enterprises to lead the establishment of national and industry vocational education groups and promote substantive operation. Promote the construction of industry-education integration cities and enterprise training bases, promote modern apprenticeship and new enterprise apprenticeship systems, strengthen vocational training and expand the team of skilled talents. Guide colleges and universities to pay more attention to indicators such as patent quality and transformation and application in professional title promotion, performance appraisal, job appointment, project completion, and talent evaluation. Explore ways to increase the remuneration of scientific researchers in the distribution of income from the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and vigorously support scientific researchers to carry out independent innovation and entrepreneurship through empowerment.
The second is to explore and stimulate the innovation vitality of talents and release institutional dividends. Build a talent service environment in line with international standards, support the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and other power source regions to improve various policies for the work, scientific research and exchange of high-end talents and professionals, improve the permanent residence system for foreigners in China, explore the establishment of a skilled immigration system, and study the formulation of selection criteria at the provincial and municipal levels according to their own development conditions and other related matters. We will refine and enrich the visa categories for overseas talents, explore the establishment of innovation and entrepreneurship visas, and encourage and guide outstanding foreign students to work and start businesses in China. Explore the establishment of a high-end international talent community, form a new paradigm of talent life guarantee services in line with international standards, and improve the living facilities of international schools and international medical institutions in the community.
Third, we will continue to strengthen cross-regional talent cooperation to release more dividends through reform. Promote the cultivation and return of talents through industrial upgrading and environmental improvement, support the central and western regions to comprehensively improve the modernization level of traditional advantageous industries, and focus on the cultivation of new pillar industries in the fields of new generation information technology, artificial intelligence, new energy, new materials, and high-end equipment. At the same time, we will study the establishment of a new national-level demonstration zone for undertaking industrial transfer in the central and western regions, guide the transfer of labor- and technology-intensive industries to the central and western regions first, promote the cross-regional flow of talents through industrial transfer, and increase talent cooperation in counterpart support, counterpart assistance and counterpart cooperationIt is planned to lay out a number of universities and scientific research institutes with professional and regional characteristics, carry out cross-regional exchanges of scientific and technological talents, further promote the east-west cooperation of vocational education, and help the upgrading of industrial technology and the construction of R&D platforms. We will further cultivate and expand emerging industries such as semiconductor equipment, aerospace, industrial robots, and clean energy in Northeast China, focus on the development of digital economy, bioeconomy, and ice and snow economy, and promote the digital transformation of traditional industries such as energy, chemicals, food, and light industry. At the same time, we will make greater efforts to promote the market-oriented reform of state-owned enterprises, support, encourage and guide the healthy development of the private economy, and make great efforts to create a good ecological environment for talent development. In-depth implementation of the "three districts" talent support plan, the implementation of the "three support and one support", the grassroots growth of college graduates and other plans according to local conditions, and the comprehensive establishment of urban doctors, teachers, scientific and cultural personnel and other regular service mechanisms in rural areas.
This article**:Economy** Author: Research Group of Institute of Land Development and Regional Economy, China Academy of Macroeconomics Writer: Lu Wei and Li Xiaolin).